Experimental Evaluation of Pedestrian-Induced Multiaxial Gait Loads on Footbridges: Effects of the Structure-to-Human Interaction by Lateral Vibrating Platforms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Investigation General Design
2.2. Subjects of the Test
2.3. Assembly Setup
2.4. Data Collection Procedures
2.5. Data Post-Processing
2.6. HSI-MTF Lateral-Load Verification System
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Support and Swing Phase Periods of the Human Gait
3.2. Assessment of Human Gait-Induced Loads
3.2.1. Lateral Load
3.2.2. Vertical Load
3.3. Correlation between CM and Treadmill Movements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Subject | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 4 | No. 5 | No. 6 | No. 7 | ||
Length (cm) | D1 | 27.2 | 24.7 | 23.6 | 27.0 | 28.0 | 31.0 | 35.0 |
D2 | 47.5 | 47.5 | 47.2 | 42.0 | 57.0 | 55.0 | 54.0 | |
D3 | 22.3 | 19.8 | 21.7 | 20.0 | 22.0 | 20.5 | 40.0 | |
D4 | 18.7 | 16.7 | 15.8 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 13.0 | |
D5 | 31.4 | 30.6 | 30.2 | 28.0 | 30.0 | 23.0 | 27.0 | |
D6 | 26.7 | 27.4 | 26.7 | 24.0 | 23.0 | 25.0 | 27.0 | |
D7 | 17.7 | 19.2 | 19.8 | 19.0 | 22.0 | 17.0 | 33.0 | |
D8 | 47.5 | 43.0 | 44.2 | 48.0 | 48.0 | 48.0 | 45.0 | |
D9 | 46.7 | 46.5 | 45.8 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 42.0 | 41.0 | |
D10 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | |
D11 | 17.5 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | |
D12 | 19.4 | 18.6 | 17.9 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | |
Diameter (cm) | Head | 57.0 | 58.0 | 54.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 53.0 | 58.0 |
Shoulder | 37.0 | 47.0 | 52.0 | 35.0 | 36.0 | 37.0 | 38.0 | |
Elbow | 25.0 | 27.5 | 28.5 | 25.5 | 27.0 | 26.5 | 27.0 | |
Wrist | 17.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 16.0 | |
Hip | 90.0 | 85.5 | 88.5 | 91.0 | 104.0 | 91.0 | 92.0 | |
Knee | 38.9 | 38.5 | 41.0 | 34.5 | 43.0 | 38.5 | 36.0 | |
Ankle | 25.0 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 23.0 | 21.0 | |
Heel | 32.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 30.5 | 33.0 | 34.0 | 30.0 | |
Metatarsus | 24.0 | 24.0 | 54.0 | 22.0 | 23.5 | 27.5 | 58.0 | |
General Informa. | Age | 30 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 22 | 29 |
Height (cm) | 178 | 179 | 174 | 173 | 170 | 166 | 170 | |
Weight (kg) | 70.0 | 74.0 | 76.0 | 70.0 | 80.0 | 69.0 | 64.0 |
Item No. | Components Name | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Unidirectional shake table | The custom unidirectional shake table of the School of Civil and Geomatic Engineering, consists of an aluminum plate of 1.10 m × 1.50 m directed by low-friction linear rails and coupled to a Shore Western hydraulic actuator of 45.0 kN (Shore Western, Monrovia, CA, USA). This actuator has two DyVal servo-valves that are connected to a hydraulic potential of up to 977.9 cm3·s−1 at 21 MPa. In addition, it has an internal linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) that measures the position of the actuator rod. Recent work has allowed the identification of this system through frequency sweep tests from 0.10 to 20.0 Hz, with a duration of 250.0 s and constant amplitudes of 0.50, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mm. A representation of the GHA plant of the seismic simulator was found to be a continuous system with a pole at the origin, a nominal gain of 14.0, and a time delay of 33.0 ms. In addition, this device was implemented with a robust H∞ displacement tracking controller conditioned by a Kalman filter. |
2 | Lateral support system | The lateral support system initially consisted of four custom ASTM A36 steel plates with a thickness of 1.27 cm, which were intended to increase the working area of component 1. Four lateral supports with a height of 74.0 cm were placed on top of the plates, which connected the guides of the vertical linear axes of the HSI-MTF. In addition, it supports a human gait loading acquisition system. |
3 | Treadmill | A SOLE brand treadmill model F65 was used (Sole Fitness, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), which has an effective action area of 72.0 cm × 150.0 cm and operating speeds ranging from 0.50 to 10.0 cm3·s−1. The forward motion is generated by a 120.0 V commercial motor controlled by the factory hardware. The treadmill was compacted and coupled with the HSI-MTF. |
4 | Load acquisition system | This system was developed to quantify the anthropic loads induced by human gait and consisted of a ∅1.59 mm steel wire with an ultimate load of 4.0 kN, attached to the lateral support system on the linear axes and to the bottom of the treadmill through four Omega DYLY-103 load cells (Omega Engineering, Norwalk, CT, USA) with an individual capacity of 200.0 kg and a sensitivity of 0.15 mV/kg. The vertical acquisition component was formed by a ∅3.18 mm steel wire with an ultimate load of 10.0 kN, attached to the lateral support system on the linear axes and the vertical suspension system through four Omega LC-703 load cells with a capacity of 90.70 kg each and a sensitivity of 0.20 mV/kg. Finally, the longitudinal acquisition component had the same steel wire attached to the most extreme parts of the vertical suspension system, using four Omega DYLY-102 load cells with a capacity of 50.0 kg each. |
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Castillo, B.; Marulanda, J.; Thomson, P. Experimental Evaluation of Pedestrian-Induced Multiaxial Gait Loads on Footbridges: Effects of the Structure-to-Human Interaction by Lateral Vibrating Platforms. Sensors 2024, 24, 2517. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082517
Castillo B, Marulanda J, Thomson P. Experimental Evaluation of Pedestrian-Induced Multiaxial Gait Loads on Footbridges: Effects of the Structure-to-Human Interaction by Lateral Vibrating Platforms. Sensors. 2024; 24(8):2517. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082517
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastillo, Bryan, Johannio Marulanda, and Peter Thomson. 2024. "Experimental Evaluation of Pedestrian-Induced Multiaxial Gait Loads on Footbridges: Effects of the Structure-to-Human Interaction by Lateral Vibrating Platforms" Sensors 24, no. 8: 2517. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082517
APA StyleCastillo, B., Marulanda, J., & Thomson, P. (2024). Experimental Evaluation of Pedestrian-Induced Multiaxial Gait Loads on Footbridges: Effects of the Structure-to-Human Interaction by Lateral Vibrating Platforms. Sensors, 24(8), 2517. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082517