Full-Section Deformation Monitoring of High-Altitude Fault Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Project Profile
2.2. Monitoring Principle
2.3. Technique Process
3. Tunnel Scanning Analysis
3.1. Tunnel Field Scanning
3.2. Tunnel Primary Branch and Secondary Lining Data Processing
4. Data Analysis
4.1. Analysis of the Initial Branch Section
- (1)
- Comparative analysis of the initial branch section before and after blasting
- (2)
- Deformation diagram of the surrounding rock of the initial section
- (3)
- Comparison of settlement and convergence of the initial surrounding rock at different measuring points and for different pile numbers
- (4)
- Chromatographic analysis
- (5)
- Comparative analysis of the section generated by the initial branch and the designed section of the initial branch on 30 July 2020
- (6)
- Comparison of the settlement and convergence of the initial surrounding rock at different measuring points and for different pile numbers
4.2. Contrast Analysis of Secondary Lining Section
- (1)
- Deformation analysis of the secondary lining
- (2)
- Comparison of the surrounding rock settlement and convergence at different measuring points and for different pile numbers
- (3)
- Chromatographic analysis
- (4)
- Comparison analysis between the design of the secondary lining and the actual section on 31 July 2020
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The monitoring results of the tunnel section indicate that the distance between the first branch and secondary lining was from the inside to the outside and that the deformation of the surrounding rock exhibited a tendency for small deformations toward the right side. At different measuring points and with different pile numbers, the settlement at individual mileages of the vault was large but tended to become stable within a certain time range. Except for a few points, the deformation of the left and right sides did not exceed 0.02 m.
- (2)
- A comparison of the actual and designed sections of the first branch and the secondary lining showed that the surrounding rock arch had a downward settlement trend and that the deformation on both sides of the surrounding rock intruded into the rock mass. The actual elevation of the first branch arch (<0.3 m) was greater than the designed elevation. The actual monitoring and designed values of the secondary lining of the arch of the tunnel also showed a tendency for downward settlement at the different measuring points of each mileage.
- (3)
- Based on the chromatographic analysis conducted on the initial branch section, it is evident that the deformation deviation of the majority of points falls within a narrow range of 0.01 m, indicating a relatively stable condition. Only a handful of points exhibit slightly larger deformation deviations. Conversely, in the secondary lining section, the deformation deviation of most points is even more constrained, staying within the range of 0.005 m, signifying an overall stable structural state. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that certain points still surpass the threshold value of 0.005 m. Therefore, during subsequent monitoring and maintenance activities, special attention should be paid to these threshold-exceeding points to ensure the integrity and safety of the structure.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Comparative Item | Traditional Measurement Method | Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technique |
---|---|---|
Tool | Tape measure; laser rangefinder; total station; drawing | Three-dimensional laser scanner |
Measurement mode | Contacting, close measurement; light affected | Completely non-contact; Remote measurement; not affected by light; works day and night |
Field drawing manuscript | Need | No need; automatically generates 3D data |
Measurement efficiency | Low efficiency; only the distance from point to point can be measured; high labor intensity | Fast sampling rate; single-station panoramic scan in 1 min |
Degree of safety | High risk factor; great limitation | Non-contact measurement; ensures personnel safety |
Scanned Area | Scanning Speed | Resolution Ratio | Precision | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angular Precision | Ranging Precision | Range Noise | |||
0.5 m–50 m | 1,000,000 points/s | 3.1 mm @ 10 m | 18″ | 1 mm + 10 ppm | 0.4 mm @ 10 m |
Constraint ID | ScanWorld | ScanWorld | Type | Status | Weight | Overlap Points | Error (m) | Error Vector (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Job 007-Setup 001 | Job 007-Setup 002 | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (−0.001, 0.000, 0.001) |
7 | Job 007-Setup 001 | Job 007-Setup 002 | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.001 | (−0.001, 0.000, −0.001) |
1 | Job 007-Setup 001 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (−0.002, −0.001, 0.001) |
3 | Job 007-Setup 001 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (0.002, −0.001, 0.001) |
4 | Job 007-Setup 001 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (0.002, 0.000, 0.001) |
7 | Job 007-Setup 001 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.001 | (0.001, 0.001, 0.001) |
6 | Job 007-Setup 002 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (−0.002, −0.001, −0.001) |
7 | Job 007-Setup 002 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (0.001, 0.001, 0.001) |
1 | Job 007-Setup 002 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.002 | (−0.001, −0.001, −0.001) |
5 | Job 007-Setup 002 | 20200729kzd.txt (Leveled) | Coincident: Vertex-Vertex | On | 1.0000 | n/a | 0.003 | (−0.001, 0.002, 0.001) |
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Tan, D.; Tao, Y.; Ji, B.; Gan, Q.; Guo, T. Full-Section Deformation Monitoring of High-Altitude Fault Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology. Sensors 2024, 24, 2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082499
Tan D, Tao Y, Ji B, Gan Q, Guo T. Full-Section Deformation Monitoring of High-Altitude Fault Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology. Sensors. 2024; 24(8):2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082499
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Dongmei, Yu Tao, Baifeng Ji, Qinlin Gan, and Tai Guo. 2024. "Full-Section Deformation Monitoring of High-Altitude Fault Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology" Sensors 24, no. 8: 2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082499
APA StyleTan, D., Tao, Y., Ji, B., Gan, Q., & Guo, T. (2024). Full-Section Deformation Monitoring of High-Altitude Fault Tunnels Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Technology. Sensors, 24(8), 2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082499