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Volume 24
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10.3390/s24155079
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Article

Gas Chromatography–Sensor System Aids Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Separates Crohn’s from Ulcerative Colitis, in Children

by
Rachael Slater
1,†,
Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam
2,†,
Salma Belnour
3,
Marcus Karl-Heinz Auth
4,
Rafeeq Muhammed
5,
Christine Spray
6,
Duolao Wang
7,
Ben de Lacy Costello
8,
Marta García-Fiñana
2,
Stephen Allen
4,7 and
Chris Probert
1,*
1
Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
2
Department of Health Data Science, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
3
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
4
Paediatric Gastroenterology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
5
Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Birmingham Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
6
Paediatric Gastroenterology, Bristol Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
7
Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
8
School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2024, 24(15), 5079; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155079
Submission received: 20 June 2024 / Revised: 24 July 2024 / Accepted: 29 July 2024 / Published: 5 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Collection Medical Applications of Sensor Systems and Devices)
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Abstract

The diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children and the need to distinguish between subtypes (Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)) requires lengthy investigative and invasive procedures. Non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective tests to support these diagnoses are needed. Faecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are distinctive in IBD. VOC profiles can be rapidly determined using a gas chromatography–sensor device (OdoReader©). In an inception-cohort of children presenting with suspected IBD, we directly compared the diagnostic fidelity of faecal calprotectin (FCP, a non-specific protein marker of intestinal inflammation) with OdoReader© VOC profiles of children subsequently diagnosed with IBD with matched controls diagnosed with other gastrointestinal conditions. The OdoReader© was 82% (95% confidence interval 75–89%) sensitive and 71% (61–80%) specific but did not outperform FCP (sensitivity 93% (77–99%) and specificity 86% (67–96%); 250 µg/g FCP cut off) in the diagnosis of IBD from other gastrointestinal conditions when validated in a separate sample from the same cohort. However, unlike FCP and better than other similar technologies, the OdoReader© could distinguish paediatric CD from UC (up to 88% (82–93%) sensitivity and 80% (71–89%) specificity in the validation set) and justifies further validation in larger studies. A non-invasive test based on VOCs could help streamline and limit invasive investigations in children.
Keywords: volatile organic compounds; biomarkers; paediatric inflammatory bowel disease; stool; gas-chromatography volatile organic compounds; biomarkers; paediatric inflammatory bowel disease; stool; gas-chromatography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Slater, R.; Tharmaratnam, K.; Belnour, S.; Auth, M.K.-H.; Muhammed, R.; Spray, C.; Wang, D.; de Lacy Costello, B.; García-Fiñana, M.; Allen, S.; et al. Gas Chromatography–Sensor System Aids Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Separates Crohn’s from Ulcerative Colitis, in Children. Sensors 2024, 24, 5079. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155079

AMA Style

Slater R, Tharmaratnam K, Belnour S, Auth MK-H, Muhammed R, Spray C, Wang D, de Lacy Costello B, García-Fiñana M, Allen S, et al. Gas Chromatography–Sensor System Aids Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Separates Crohn’s from Ulcerative Colitis, in Children. Sensors. 2024; 24(15):5079. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155079

Chicago/Turabian Style

Slater, Rachael, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, Salma Belnour, Marcus Karl-Heinz Auth, Rafeeq Muhammed, Christine Spray, Duolao Wang, Ben de Lacy Costello, Marta García-Fiñana, Stephen Allen, and et al. 2024. "Gas Chromatography–Sensor System Aids Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Separates Crohn’s from Ulcerative Colitis, in Children" Sensors 24, no. 15: 5079. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155079

APA Style

Slater, R., Tharmaratnam, K., Belnour, S., Auth, M. K.-H., Muhammed, R., Spray, C., Wang, D., de Lacy Costello, B., García-Fiñana, M., Allen, S., & Probert, C. (2024). Gas Chromatography–Sensor System Aids Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Separates Crohn’s from Ulcerative Colitis, in Children. Sensors, 24(15), 5079. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155079

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