Evaluation of InSAR Tropospheric Delay Correction Methods in the Plateau Monsoon Climate Region Considering Spatial–Temporal Variability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tropospheric Delay Correction
2.1.1. Empirical Linear Model Correction Method
2.1.2. GACOS Correction Method
2.1.3. ERA5 Dataset Correction Method
2.2. Study Area and Data Processing
2.2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2.2. Data Sources
2.2.3. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Methods of Analysis and Assessment
3.1.1. Evaluation of the Phase Standard Deviation
3.1.2. Phase–Elevation Correlation Analysis Based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
3.2. Representative Case Study
3.2.1. Binchuan and Eryuan in Spring
3.2.2. Yangbi in Winter
3.2.3. Dali in Summer
3.3. Comparison of GNSS and InSAR Deformation Results
3.4. Study Area in Different Seasons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The Linear method has a good effect in winter with stable convective activity and is suitable for large-scale alpine and gorge areas. However, it is limited to the estimation of vertical stratification delay, which is not applicable in areas with an active atmosphere or a flat terrain.
- GACOS is not suitable as an overall correction method for estimating and correcting the tropospheric delay in a large area. It is more suitable for correcting the tropospheric delay for time periods or small regions where there are regional climate changes.
- The ERA5 method provides good correction results in spring, summer, and autumn in the subtropical monsoon climate zone. The high temporal and spatial resolution of the ERA5 dataset ensures the accuracy of the tropospheric delay correction under different temporal and spatial conditions, provided there are no fast-changing turbulent motion trends in the atmosphere. In addition, the ERA5 method is more effective in correcting areas with a moderate terrain relief than in areas with flat or complex terrain.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tracks | Number of Images | Time Coverage | Imaging Time (UTC) | Number of Interferograms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Descending | 25 | 4 April 2021–23 April 2022 | 23:14 | 92 |
GNSS Point | RMSE of | RMSE of | RMSE of | RMSE of |
---|---|---|---|---|
Original | Linear | GACOS | ERA5 | |
1 | 14.69 | 5.05 | 12.76 | 3.40 |
2 | 37.94 | 39.07 | 38.72 | 38.06 |
3 | 125.90 | 127.44 | 129.65 | 126.74 |
4 | 4.11 | 3.41 | 5.62 | 4.83 |
5 | 12.89 | 9.45 | 10.69 | 11.13 |
6 | 18.53 | 11.50 | 17.11 | 8.92 |
7 | 5.56 | 8.09 | 10.34 | 10.63 |
8 | 3.32 | 6.33 | 5.45 | 7.02 |
9 | 136.42 | 118.95 | 120.29 | 115.70 |
Mean | 39.93 | 36.59 | 38.96 | 36.27 |
Number of Interferograms | Season | Time Coverage | Temporal Baseline (day) |
---|---|---|---|
FIG. 1, 4, 8, 9, 83, 84, 87, 90 | Spring | 22 February–3 June | 101 |
FIG. 12, 13, 15, 18, 25, 26, 30, 31 | Summer | 3 June–26 August | 84 |
FIG. 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 48, 52, 53 | Autumn | 26 August–30 November | 96 |
FIG. 57, 58, 61, 65, 69, 74, 78, 79 | Winter | 30 November–22 February | 84 |
Season | Evaluation of Correction | Original | Linear | GACOS | ERA5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Average of Phase Standard Deviation of All Figures | 1.96 | 1.73 | 1.66 | 1.67 |
Improvement Rate | - | 11.73% | 15.30% | 14.80% | |
Summer | Average of Phase Standard Deviation of All Figures | 2.38 | 2.28 | 2.59 | 2.12 |
Improvement Rate | - | 4.20% | −8.82% | 10.92% | |
Autumn | Average of Phase Standard Deviation of All Figures | 2.63 | 2.43 | 2.61 | 2.29 |
Improvement Rate | - | 7.60% | 0.76% | 12.93% | |
Winter | Average of Phase Standard Deviation of All Figures | 1.63 | 1.43 | 1.52 | 1.57 |
Improvement Rate | - | 12.27% | 6.75% | 3.68% |
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Yang, Q.; Zuo, X.; Guo, S.; Zhao, Y. Evaluation of InSAR Tropospheric Delay Correction Methods in the Plateau Monsoon Climate Region Considering Spatial–Temporal Variability. Sensors 2023, 23, 9574. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239574
Yang Q, Zuo X, Guo S, Zhao Y. Evaluation of InSAR Tropospheric Delay Correction Methods in the Plateau Monsoon Climate Region Considering Spatial–Temporal Variability. Sensors. 2023; 23(23):9574. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239574
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Qihang, Xiaoqing Zuo, Shipeng Guo, and Yanxi Zhao. 2023. "Evaluation of InSAR Tropospheric Delay Correction Methods in the Plateau Monsoon Climate Region Considering Spatial–Temporal Variability" Sensors 23, no. 23: 9574. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239574