Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- 1.
- The laboratory development and implementation of an AMI, making use of embedded modules such as NVIDIA Jetson Nano and Raspberry PI 3, coupled with wireless communication modules for the development of wireless networks, over which messages may be sent and received in real-time, using the concepts of IoT and Edge Computing. The function of each module in the proposed laboratory infrastructure is presented in Section 4. Observe that the objective is not to compare the performance of the electronic components, but to implement an AMI in a laboratory, enabling the simulation of a smart grid with regard to information traffic between the SMs, represented by Raspberry PI 3, and DOCs, represented by the Things Board Platform;
- 2.
- The laboratory development and implementation of a decentralized architecture based on Embedded State Estimator Modules (ESEMs) that manage information from SMs in LV networks, performing real-time state estimation in PDSs. Each ESEM is equipped with a high-performance processor with a Linux operating system to enable matrix analysis related to the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) state estimator.
2. Real-Time Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems
2.1. Power Distribution Systems
2.2. State Estimation
WLS State Estimator
2.3. Decentralized DSSEs
2.4. Smart Grids
3. Networks and Protocols of Communication
3.1. Radio Frequency Technologies
Long Range
3.2. Cellular Technologies
3.2.1. Long Term Evolution
3.2.2. Narrow Band
3.3. Network and Communications Protocols for IoT Applications
3.3.1. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
3.3.2. Rest HTTP
3.3.3. IEC 61850
4. Embedded Platform for the Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems
4.1. The Implemented Decentralized Architecture
4.2. Hardware and Software Requirements
5. Validation of a Decentralized Monitoring of PDSs via ESEMs
5.1. Metering System
5.2. Accuracy Analysis
5.3. Future Works
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMI | Advanced Measurements Infrastructures |
CTU | Customers Unit |
DOC | Distribution System Operations Centers |
DSO | Distribution System Operators |
DSSE | Distribution System State Estimators |
ESEM | Embedded State Estimator Module |
GOOSE | Generic Object Oriented Substation Event |
IoT | Internet of Things |
LoRa | Long Range |
LPWAN | Low Power Wide Area Network |
LTE | Long Term Evolution |
LV | Low Voltage |
MQTT | Message Queuing Telemetry Transport |
MV | Medium Voltage |
M2M | Machine to Machine |
NB IoT | Narrow Band IoT |
OFDMA | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access |
PDS | Power Distribution Systems |
PLC | Power Line Communication |
PMU | Pashor Measurement Units |
REST HTTP | Representational State Transfer and Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
SE | State Estimator |
SG | Smart Grids |
SM | Smart Meter |
UNB | Ultra Narrow Band |
WLS | Weighted Least Square |
6LowPAN | IPV6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network |
3Gpp | 3rd Generation Partnership Project |
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EMR Centralized | Standard Deviation Centralized | EMR Decentralized | Standard Deviation Decentralized |
---|---|---|---|
0.0255 | 0.0072939 | 0.0297 | 0.008119 |
Electricity Network Used | Processing Time (S) | CPU |
---|---|---|
Complete (MV and LV Buses) | 46.4579 | Core i3 |
Primary (MV Buses only) | 35.7633 | Jetson Nano |
LV Buses connected to Transformer 2960 | 0.3380 | Jetson Nano |
LV Buses connected to Transformer 1370 | 1.409 | Jetson Nano |
LV Buses connected to Transformer 1371 | 0.7472 | Jetson Nano |
LV Buses connected to Transformer 1372 | 1.3451 | Jetson Nano |
LV Buses connected to Transformer 1373 | 1.1043 | Jetson Nano |
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Junior, R.M.G.; Márquez-Sánchez, S.; Santos, J.H.; de Almeida, R.M.A.; London Junior, J.B.A.; Rodríguez, J.M.C. Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components. Sensors 2022, 22, 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062104
Junior RMG, Márquez-Sánchez S, Santos JH, de Almeida RMA, London Junior JBA, Rodríguez JMC. Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components. Sensors. 2022; 22(6):2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062104
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunior, Rosvando Marques Gonzaga, Sergio Márquez-Sánchez, Jorge Herrera Santos, Rodrigo Maximiano Antunes de Almeida, João Bosco Augusto London Junior, and Juan Manuel Corchado Rodríguez. 2022. "Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components" Sensors 22, no. 6: 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062104
APA StyleJunior, R. M. G., Márquez-Sánchez, S., Santos, J. H., de Almeida, R. M. A., London Junior, J. B. A., & Rodríguez, J. M. C. (2022). Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components. Sensors, 22(6), 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062104