Estimation of Water Depth on Road Surfaces Using Accelerometric Signals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Where is the appropriate location for the accelerometers on a wheel arch?
- How can accelerometric signals be processed to extract the relevant information?
- What is the relationship between accelerometric signals and actual water depths?
2. Methodology
- In the first step, efforts are made to visualize water sprays. High-speed cameras are used for this purpose. Videos are used to better understand the distribution of water droplets and, depending on the spray intensity, choose appropriate locations for the accelerometers on the wheel arch.
- In the second step, signals are processed to extract relevant information with respect to road wetness.
- In the third step, correlation is established between indicators calculated from accelerometers’ signals and water depths.
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Sensors
3.1.1. Accelerometers
3.1.2. High-Speed Camera
3.1.3. Noncontact Sensor to Measure Water Depths
3.2. Test Setup
3.2.1. Setup to Spread a Water Film on the Test Surface
3.2.2. Setup to Measure the Impact of Water Droplets
3.2.3. Setup to Visualize Water Droplets
3.3. Test Program
4. Results
4.1. Visualization of Water Sprays
4.2. Analysis of Signals
4.2.1. Raw Signals
4.2.2. Filtered Signals
4.3. Estimation of Water Depths
4.3.1. Analysis of Measured Water Depths
4.3.2. Relationship between Accelerations and Water Depths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Surface | Texture | MTD (mm) |
---|---|---|
C1 | 0.38 | |
E1 | 0.95 | |
M3 | 0.85 |
Intensity Level | |||
---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |
Illustration (photos extracted from videos) | |||
Description | Droplets barely visible on part of or the whole wheel arch | Droplets visible on the whole wheel arch | Big droplets densely distributed on the whole wheel arch |
Surface | C1 | E1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Run | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
30 km/h | ||||||
50 km/h |
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Share and Cite
Riahi, E.; Edjeou, W.; Buisson, S.; Gennesseaux, M.; Do, M.-T. Estimation of Water Depth on Road Surfaces Using Accelerometric Signals. Sensors 2022, 22, 8940. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228940
Riahi E, Edjeou W, Buisson S, Gennesseaux M, Do M-T. Estimation of Water Depth on Road Surfaces Using Accelerometric Signals. Sensors. 2022; 22(22):8940. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228940
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiahi, Ebrahim, Wiyao Edjeou, Sébastien Buisson, Manuela Gennesseaux, and Minh-Tan Do. 2022. "Estimation of Water Depth on Road Surfaces Using Accelerometric Signals" Sensors 22, no. 22: 8940. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228940