Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Exosome’s Biogenesis, Molecular Cargo, and Function
- MVBs fuse with lysosomes and degrade their content.
- MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane and release their content into the extracellular space.
3. Conventional Methods for Isolation and Detection of Exosomes
4. Sensors for Detection and Molecular Characterization of Exosomes
4.1. Fluorescence-Based Sensors
4.2. Colorimetric Sensors
4.3. Magnetic Sensors
4.4. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensors
4.5. Electrochemical Sensors
4.6. Immunoaffinity Sensors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolation Technique | Isolation Principle | Appraisal Parameters | Advantages | Disadvantages | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Yield | Purity | |||||
Ultracentrifugation | Density-based | * | * | ** | The gold standard | Time-consuming; low yield; moderate purity; | [38,46] |
Immunoaffinity-capture | Affinity-based | ** | ** | *** | Highly specific and pure | Expensive; strict pH condition; constrained use | [40,41] |
Size-exclusion chromatography | Vesicles Size | ** | ** | ** | Simple, rapid, moderate yield | Poor specificity; scaling problems | [44,47,48] |
Polymer-based precipitation | Surface charge-based | * | *** | * | Simple and user-friendly, high yield | Expensive; low specificity; poor purity; scaling problems | [22,49] |
Ultrafiltration | Molecular weight and size-based | ** | * | ** | Simple, no specific instrument | Clogging; low yield, low specificity, time-consuming | [50,51,52] |
Sensor Type | Isolation Principle | Minimum Detection Limit | References |
---|---|---|---|
Fluorescence | Quantification of fluorescence signal | 6.56 × 107 EVs mL−1 | [74] |
Colorimetric | Absorbance measurement of the colorimetric solution | 1.35 × 105 EVs mL−1 | [78] |
Magnetic | Nuclear magnetic resonance | 4.39 × 103 EVs mL−1 | [93] |
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) | Resonant oscillation of the electrons stimulated by the incident light at the interface between a negative and a positive dielectric constant material | 105 EVs mL−1 | [85] |
Electrochemical | Measurement of the electric current caused by the oxidation or reduction reactions | 106 EVs mL−1 | [87] |
Immunoaffinity | Affinity-based isolation | 24 × 106 EVs mL−1 | [42] |
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Bari, S.M.I.; Hossain, F.B.; Nestorova, G.G. Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles. Sensors 2021, 21, 7645. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227645
Bari SMI, Hossain FB, Nestorova GG. Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles. Sensors. 2021; 21(22):7645. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227645
Chicago/Turabian StyleBari, Saif Mohammad Ishraq, Faria Binte Hossain, and Gergana G. Nestorova. 2021. "Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles" Sensors 21, no. 22: 7645. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227645