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Ultra Stable Molecular Sensors by Submicron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part II. Experimental Demonstration
 
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Volume 21
Issue 2
10.3390/s21020469
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Article

Ultra-Stable Molecular Sensors by Sub-Micron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part I. The Concept of a Spatial Affinity Lock-in Amplifier

by
Andreas Frutiger
1,
Christof Fattinger
2,* and
János Vörös
1,*
1
Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
2
Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2021, 21(2), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020469
Received: 17 November 2020 / Revised: 30 December 2020 / Accepted: 5 January 2021 / Published: 11 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biophotonic Sensors)
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Abstract

Label-free optical biosensors, such as surface plasmon resonance, are sensitive and well-established for the characterization of molecular interactions. Yet, these sensors require stabilization and constant conditions even with the use of reference channels. In this paper, we use tools from signal processing to show why these sensors are so cross-sensitive and how to overcome their drawbacks. In particular, we conceptualize the spatial affinity lock-in as a universal design principle for sensitive molecular sensors even in the complete absence of stabilization. The spatial affinity lock-in is analogous to the well-established time-domain lock-in. Instead of a time-domain signal, it modulates the binding signal at a high spatial frequency to separate it from the low spatial frequency environmental noise in Fourier space. In addition, direct sampling of the locked-in sensor’s response in Fourier space enabled by diffraction has advantages over sampling in real space as done by surface plasmon resonance sensors using the distributed reference principle. This paper and part II hint at the potential of spatially locked-in diffractometric biosensors to surpass state-of-the-art temperature-stabilized refractometric biosensors. Even simple, miniaturized and non-stabilized sensors might achieve the performance of bulky lab instruments. This may enable new applications in label-free analysis of molecular binding and point-of-care diagnostics. View Full-Text
Keywords: molecular sensors; chemosensors, biosensors; lock-in amplifiers; noise rejection; noise analysis; optical diffraction; focal molography molecular sensors; chemosensors, biosensors; lock-in amplifiers; noise rejection; noise analysis; optical diffraction; focal molography
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MDPI and ACS Style

Frutiger, A.; Fattinger, C.; Vörös, J. Ultra-Stable Molecular Sensors by Sub-Micron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part I. The Concept of a Spatial Affinity Lock-in Amplifier. Sensors 2021, 21, 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020469

AMA Style

Frutiger A, Fattinger C, Vörös J. Ultra-Stable Molecular Sensors by Sub-Micron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part I. The Concept of a Spatial Affinity Lock-in Amplifier. Sensors. 2021; 21(2):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020469

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frutiger, Andreas; Fattinger, Christof; Vörös, János. 2021. "Ultra-Stable Molecular Sensors by Sub-Micron Referencing and Why They Should Be Interrogated by Optical Diffraction—Part I. The Concept of a Spatial Affinity Lock-in Amplifier" Sensors 21, no. 2: 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020469

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