On the Use of NB-IoT over GEO Satellite Systems with Time-Packed Optical Feeder Links for Over-the-Air Firmware/Software Updates of Machine-Type Terminals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Model
2.1. NB-IoT Signal Format for the Satellite Forward Link
2.2. Architectures for Forwarding NB-IoT Frames over a Satellite Relaying Node
2.2.1. Case 1: Detect-and-Forward Relaying of NB-IoT Frames
2.2.2. Case 2: Decode-and-Forward Relaying of NB-IoT Frames
2.2.3. Case 3: Detect-and-Forward Relaying of NB-IoT Frames Encapsulated in DVB-S2(X)
2.3. Equalization of the Time-Packed Signal
2.4. Computation of the LLRs for the 4-PAM and the QPSK Modulation Schemes
3. Optical Wireless Satellite Channel Model
3.1. Atmospheric Power Losses: Absorption and Scattering Modeling
3.2. Atmospheric Turbulence: Beam Wander, Beam Spreading, and Beam Scintillation
4. Evaluation
4.1. Simulation Setup of the Optical Channel
4.2. Simulation Setup of NB-IoT Signal
- Case 1: NB-IoT detect-and-forward (See Section 2.2.1).
- Case 2: NB-IoT decode-and-forward (See Section 2.2.2).
- Case 3: NB-IoT encapsulated in DVB-S2(X) frames. (See Section 2.2.3).
4.3. Definition of the Figures of Merit
4.4. Simulation Results
- Evaluation of the end-to-end BLER and throughput when the / of the feeder link varies from 2 to 22 dB in steps of 1 dB (see Figure 9), the SNR of the access link is 20 dB, the wind speed is 21 m/s, and the NB-IoT code rates are , , and . There is no time-packing (%) and configuration is Case 1 (Detect-and-Forward NB-IoT). The throughput of Figure 9 is the of (34);
- Evaluation of the end-to-end BLER and throughput when the / of the access link varies from to 12 dB in steps of 1 dB (see Figure 10), the SNR of the feeder link is 15, 20, and 25 dB, the wind speed is , 21, and 30 m/s, and the NB-IoT code rates are , and . There is no time-packing (%) and the tested configuration is Case 1 (Detect-and-Forward NB-IoT). The throughput of Figure 10 is of (34);
- Evaluation of the throughput for Case 1 (see Figure 11): Detect-and-Forward NB-IoT when the SNR of the feeder link is 15 dB, the of the access varies from to 12 dB, and the code rates of the NB-IoT and overlapping factors are as defined in Section 4.2. The throughput of Figure 11 corresponds to of (34);
- Evaluation of the throughput for Case 2 (see Figure 12): Decode-and-Forward NB-IoT when the SNR of the feeder link is 15 dB, the SNR of the access varies from 0 to 20 dB, and the code rates of the NB-IoT and overlapping factors are as defined in Section 4.2. The throughput of Figure 12 corresponds to of (34);
- Evaluation of the throughput for Case 3 (see Figure 13): Detect-and-Forward NB-IoT encapsulated in DVB-S2(X) frames when the SNR of the feeder link is 15 dB, the SNR of the access varies from 0 to 20 dB, and the code rates of the DVB-S2(X) and NB-IoT and overlapping factors are defined as in Section 4.2. The throughput of Figure 13 corresponds to of (34);
- Evaluation of the envelope of the throughput when the overlapping factor remains constant for all cases under study (see Figure 14a–c) when the SNR of the feeder link is 15 dB, the SNR of the access varies from 0 to 20 dB, and the code rates of the DVB-S2(X)/NB-IoT frames and the overlapping factors are defined in Section 4.2. The throughput of these figures corresponds to of (35);
- Comparison among the envelope of the throughput for all cases under study (see Figure 15a–d) in terms of the overlapping factor , when the SNR of feeder link is 15 dB, the SNR of the access link varies from 0 to 20 dB, and the code rates of the DVB-S2(X)/NB-IoT frames and overlapping factors are defined as in Section 4.2. The throughput of these figures corresponds to of (35);
5. Conclusions and Futures Extensions
5.1. Concluding Remarks
5.2. Future Extensions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BLER | BLock Error Rate |
DVB-S2 | Digital Video Broadcasting Second Generation Satellite |
DVB-S2X | Digital Video Broadcasting Second Generation Extension |
FSO | Free Space Optical |
GEO | Geostationary Earth Orbit |
HTS | High Throughput Satellites |
IM/DD | Intensity Modulation / Decision Detection |
MCS | Modulation and Coding Scheme |
NOMA | Non Orthogonal Multiple Access |
NPBCH | Narrowband Physical Broadcast Channel |
NPDCCH | Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel |
NPDSCH | Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel |
NPSS | Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal |
NSSS | Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal |
NB-IoT | Narrow-Band Internet of Things |
OFDM | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
OTA | Over-The-Air |
PAM | Pulse Amplitude Modulation |
QPSK | Quadrature Pulse Shift Keying |
THR | Throughput |
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4-PAM | QPSK | |
---|---|---|
Symbol | Optical Link Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Optical power of LD (including EDFA booster) | dBm | ||
Optical gain of transmitter (ground telescope) | dBi | ||
Optical gain of receiver (satellite telescope) | dBi | ||
Free space loss of optical link ( nm, H = 36,000 km) | dB | ||
Atmospheric attenuation (absorption and scattering) | 0–10 | dB | |
Beam spreading loss due to scintillation | dB | ||
System losses in the optical feeder link | dB | ||
Gain of the optical amplifier (EDFA) | dB | ||
Responsivity of photodetector (PIN diode) | A/W | ||
Bandwidth of electrical filter (PD output) | GHz | ||
Bandwidth of optical channel ( nm) | GHz | ||
PSD of amplified spontaneous emissions | W/Hz | ||
PSD of RIN process (normalized) | −160 | dBc/Hz | |
PSD of background noise at EDFA input | W/Hz | ||
Electrical noise current spectral density | A | ||
Dark current at the PIN diode output | A |
0.66667 | 0.33333 | 0.2222 | 0.2222 |
0.8 | 0.33333 | 0.2667 | 0.259 |
0.9 | 0.33333 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
0.66667 | 0.66667 | 0.4444 | 0.4444 |
0.8 | 0.66667 | 0.5333 | 0.5319 |
0.9 | 0.66667 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
0.66667 | 0.96 | 0.64 | 0.6386 |
0.8 | 0.96 | 0.768 | 0.7678 |
0.9 | 0.96 | 0.864 | 0.8628 |
= 0% | = 15% | = 25% | = 40% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.2222 | 0.3864 | 0.4546 | 0.5152 | 0.6441 |
0.2590 | 0.4504 | 0.5299 | 0.6006 | 0.7507 |
0.3000 | 0.5217 | 0.6138 | 0.6957 | 0.8696 |
0.4444 | 0.7729 | 0.9093 | 1.0305 | 1.2881 |
0.5319 | 0.9250 | 1.0883 | 1.2334 | 1.5417 |
0.6000 | 1.0435 | 1.2276 | 1.3913 | 1.7391 |
0.6386 | 1.1106 | 1.3066 | 1.4808 | 1.8510 |
0.7678 | 1.3353 | 1.5709 | 1.7804 | 2.2255 |
0.8628 | 1.5005 | 1.7653 | 2.0007 | 2.5009 |
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Bas, J.; Dowhuszko, A.A. On the Use of NB-IoT over GEO Satellite Systems with Time-Packed Optical Feeder Links for Over-the-Air Firmware/Software Updates of Machine-Type Terminals. Sensors 2021, 21, 3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21123952
Bas J, Dowhuszko AA. On the Use of NB-IoT over GEO Satellite Systems with Time-Packed Optical Feeder Links for Over-the-Air Firmware/Software Updates of Machine-Type Terminals. Sensors. 2021; 21(12):3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21123952
Chicago/Turabian StyleBas, Joan, and Alexis A. Dowhuszko. 2021. "On the Use of NB-IoT over GEO Satellite Systems with Time-Packed Optical Feeder Links for Over-the-Air Firmware/Software Updates of Machine-Type Terminals" Sensors 21, no. 12: 3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21123952
APA StyleBas, J., & Dowhuszko, A. A. (2021). On the Use of NB-IoT over GEO Satellite Systems with Time-Packed Optical Feeder Links for Over-the-Air Firmware/Software Updates of Machine-Type Terminals. Sensors, 21(12), 3952. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21123952