Evaluation of Cleaning Processes Using Colorimetric and Spectral Data for the Removal of Layers of Limewash from Medieval Plasterwork
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plaster Probes
2.2. Acetate Template Evaluation
2.3. Cleaning Tests
2.4. The Colorimetric and Spectral Analysis Method
3. Experimental Data and Results
3.1. Mean Spectral Reflectance, Spectral Standard Deviation, and Spectral Metrics Results
3.2. Mean L*, a*, b* Values
3.3. Pixelwise Spectral Reflectance and L*, a*, b* Values
3.4. Amount of White Residue Left after the Cleaning
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PROBE 1 | PROBE 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Method | Solvent | Time (min) | # | Method | Solvent | Time (min) |
1 | Scalpel | x | X | 1 | Methylcellulose gel + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | 30 |
2 | Cellulose poultice + scalpel | Distilled water | 20 | 2 | Cellulose poultice + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | 30 |
3 | AB-57 + scalpel | x | 20 | 3 | AB-57 + scalpel | x | 30 |
4 | Polyacrylic acid gel + scalpel | Distilled water | 20 | 4 | Polyacrylic acid gel + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | 30 |
5 | Gel from complex polysaccharide (Gellano Kelogel®) + scalpel | Distilled water | 20 | 5 | Gel from complex polysaccharide (Gellano Kelogel®) + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | 30 |
6 | Cotton swab + scalpel | Distilled water | X | 6 | Cotton swab + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | X |
7 | Complex polysaccharide gel (Agar-Agar®) + scalpel | Distilled water | 20 | 7 | Complex polysaccharide gel (Agar-Agar®) + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | 30 |
8 | Hydroxypropyl cellulose Gel +scalpel | Distilled water | 20 | 8 | Hydroxypropyl cellulose gel + scalpel | Water and acetone (75:25) | 30 |
9 | Glass fiber pencil | x | X | 9 | Glass fiber pencil | x | X |
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probe 1 | 12.0 | 10.2 | 8.0 | 12.6 | 10.6 | 16.9 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 11.7 |
Probe 2 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 19.9 | 12.4 | 16.9 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 14.0 | 25.3 | 15.1 |
Probe 1 | |||||||||
Method | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
ΔL* | 12.9 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 13.7 | 11.0 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 12.3 |
Δa* | 9.6 | 9.6 | 5.4 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 15.8 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 11.6 |
Δb* | −5.2 | −4.3 | −2.8 | −5.2 | −4.8 | −7.1 | −5.7 | −5.8 | −5.6 |
Probe 2 | |||||||||
Method | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
ΔL* | 12.5 | 12.7 | 21.9 | 13.5 | 18.4 | 13.2 | 12.8 | 15.4 | 27.7 |
Δa* | −8.1 | −7.8 | −16.1 | −8.4 | −15.0 | −6.0 | −6.8 | −10.7 | −23.7 |
Δb* | −5.8 | −3.0 | −6.2 | −5.3 | −8.5 | −2.6 | −3.6 | −5.4 | −12.7 |
PROBE 1 | ||||||||||
Sample | std Ref | std L* | std a* | std b* | Volume Lab | |||||
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After/Before | |
1 | 0.010 | 0.05 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 54.6 | 5.6 |
2 | 0.008 | 0.05 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 46.0 | 20.0 |
3 | 0.010 | 0.07 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 65.3 | 30.2 |
4 | 0.012 | 0.06 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 38.3 | 13.6 |
5 | 0.009 | 0.05 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 41.4 | 25.1 |
6 | 0.009 | 0.08 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 105.8 | 8.6 |
7 | 0.014 | 0.04 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 86.2 | 6.5 |
8 | 0.012 | 0.06 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 89.3 | 6.5 |
9 | 0.012 | 0.09 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 141.9 | 3.7 |
PROBE 2 | ||||||||||
Sample | std ref | std L* | std a* | std b* | Volume Lab | |||||
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After/Before | |
1 | 0.016 | 0.10 | 1.6 | 8.0 | 1.5 | 8.1 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 595.0 | 5.7 |
2 | 0.013 | 0.08 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 1.5 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 340.0 | 12.0 |
3 | 0.013 | 0.09 | 1.4 | 7.2 | 1.2 | 9.2 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 184.9 | 31.6 |
4 | 0.013 | 0.08 | 1.3 | 6.7 | 1.2 | 7.9 | 1.3 | 4.1 | 569.1 | 7.8 |
5 | 0.014 | 0.11 | 1.5 | 8.3 | 1.2 | 9.7 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 264.2 | 12.1 |
6 | 0.016 | 0.09 | 1.7 | 7.5 | 1.4 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 251.4 | 32.4 |
7 | 0.016 | 0.10 | 1.6 | 7.9 | 1.7 | 9.1 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 759.7 | 8.2 |
8 | 0.017 | 0.09 | 1.6 | 7.7 | 2.0 | 9.1 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 531.5 | 5.9 |
9 | 0.013 | 0.12 | 1.4 | 8.5 | 1.2 | 9.3 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 226.2 | 18.4 |
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probe 1 | 45.27 | 44.41 | 15.32 | 26.06 | 32.36 | 63.14 | 28.02 | 16.66 | 9.30 |
Probe 2 | 6.81 | 11.42 | 32.86 | 7.87 | 17.12 | 14.20 | 9.21 | 10.50 | 41.85 |
Total | 52.08 | 55.83 | 48.18 | 33.93 | 49.48 | 77.34 | 37.23 | 27.16 | 51.15 |
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Martínez-Domingo, M.Á.; Calero Castillo, A.I.; Vivar García, E.; Valero, E.M. Evaluation of Cleaning Processes Using Colorimetric and Spectral Data for the Removal of Layers of Limewash from Medieval Plasterwork. Sensors 2020, 20, 7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247147
Martínez-Domingo MÁ, Calero Castillo AI, Vivar García E, Valero EM. Evaluation of Cleaning Processes Using Colorimetric and Spectral Data for the Removal of Layers of Limewash from Medieval Plasterwork. Sensors. 2020; 20(24):7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247147
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Domingo, Miguel Ángel, Ana Isabel Calero Castillo, Eva Vivar García, and Eva M. Valero. 2020. "Evaluation of Cleaning Processes Using Colorimetric and Spectral Data for the Removal of Layers of Limewash from Medieval Plasterwork" Sensors 20, no. 24: 7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247147
APA StyleMartínez-Domingo, M. Á., Calero Castillo, A. I., Vivar García, E., & Valero, E. M. (2020). Evaluation of Cleaning Processes Using Colorimetric and Spectral Data for the Removal of Layers of Limewash from Medieval Plasterwork. Sensors, 20(24), 7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247147