Adaptive Aggregation Routing to Reduce Delay for Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- An adaptive aggregation routing (AAR) scheme is proposed to reduce delay and improve the lifetime for multi-layer wireless sensor networks. The core of this scheme is the node assignment algorithm (NAAL) that we proposed. This algorithm addressed the assignment of data queues in two adjacent layers of the network. According to the state of the data queue in the nodes, this algorithm selects nodes with a long data queue in the upper layer and sets the priority according to the length of the data queue. These nodes are guaranteed to receive sufficient data to aggregate, while other nodes which have no data to send are put to sleep in this process to save energy. Therefore, the frequency of data aggregation increases and the total delay decreases. Simulation results illustrate that the AAR scheme reduces the delay by 14.91% and improves the lifetime by 30.91% compared to other common schemes.
- (2)
- Based on the AAR scheme, an improved optimization method is proposed in this paper, which improves the QoS. The main idea of the improved ARR scheme is as follows: the data in the nodes far from the sink use more hops to be transmitted to the sink, and there is delay in every hop. Consequently, there is noticeable delay caused during the process of transmitting the data from the distant nodes to the sink. In WSNs, nodes far away from the sink transmit less data than the other nodes. Therefore, more energy remains in these nodes. In the improved AAR scheme, the nodes far away from the sink have a small aggregation deadline () value and queue length threshold () to improve the frequency of sending the aggregation queues. The nodes near the sink are set to a large value and value to reduce energy consumption. The total delay is reduced, high lifetime is achieved, and the residual energy is fully used. Based on the simulations, the improved AAR scheme increases the energy efficiency by 76.40%.
- (3)
- To evaluate its effectiveness, we conducted extensive simulations in a variety of network environments. The results indicate that the scheme we proposed performs better than other common networks.
2. Related Work
2.1. Research on Data Aggregation
2.2. Research on Delay Optimization
2.2.1. Methods for Reducing Delay in a Wireless Unreliable Transmission Environment
2.2.2. The Delay in Duty Cycle Based Wireless Sensor Network
2.2.3. Research on Delay Optimization for Adjusting Node Transmission Power
2.2.4. Research on Delay in Data Aggregation
2.2.5. Other Research Related to Delay
3. System Model and Problem Statement
3.1. System Model
3.2. Problem Statement
4. Optimization Mechanism Design
4.1. Description and Remarks about NAAL
Algorithm 1 Node assignment algorithm | |
1: | For each | //collect all the nodes whose aggregation queue is ready to aggregate. |
2: | If or then |
3: | |
4: | End if |
5: | End for |
6: | Ifthen//if , no node in send the aggregation queue. |
7: | Return |
8: | End if |
9: | For each //collect all the nodes whose . |
10: | If then |
11: | |
12: | End if |
13: | End for |
14: | For each from with max to with min in //assign to with the priority of large to small. |
15: | While then //assign with sufficient aggregation queues to make the node aggregate. |
16: | |
17: | |
18: | End while |
19: | |
20: | End for |
21: | Ifthen//the remaining queues of nodes in are transmitted to . |
22: | While then |
23: | |
24: | |
25: | End while |
26: | End if |
4.2. NAAL Complexity Analysis
4.3. Illustration of NAAL
5. Performance Analysis and Optimization
5.1. Methodology and Setup
5.2. Optimization Performances on Delay
5.2.1. The Effect of Environmental Parameters on Delay
5.2.2. The Effect of Environmental Parameters on the Number of Aggregations
5.2.3. The Optimization Performance of AAR Scheme
5.2.4. The Number of Aggregation of AAR Scheme
5.3. Performance of Optimizing at Different Node Selection Parameter
5.4. Performance of the AAR Scheme VS. the Improved AAR Scheme
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Parameter | State |
---|---|
All the nodes in layer of the wireless network. | |
The set which contains the nodes which participate in the transmission in layer . | |
A node at and relative position . | |
The number of the nodes in the network. | |
The number of the layer in the network. | |
The number of the nodes at . | |
Packet aggregation threshold. | |
Value of the packet aggregation timer. | |
The parent node of by default. | |
Current length of data packets queue of . | |
Current value of aggregation timer of . | |
The ratio of the length of the current queue to in . | |
The parameter at which a node receives the aggregate data queue from the lower layer. | |
Data aggregation ratio. | |
The probability that a sensor generates sensing data during a packet generation period. |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
{3, 5, 7} | |
{20, 60, 80} | |
{0.2, 0.5, 0.8} | |
{0.3, 0.6, 0.9} | |
5–50 (packet) | |
5–50 (unit) | |
{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0} |
Scenario | Maximum of the Aggregation in CS | Maximum of the Aggregation in AAR | Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Small, (0.2,0.3) | 590.58 | 479.18 | 81.13 |
Small, (0.8,0.6) | 891.96 | 653.41 | 73.26 |
Medium, (0.5,0.3) | 410.97 | 332.92 | 81.01 |
Medium, (0.5,0.6) | 390.90 | 302.95 | 77.50 |
Large, (0.2,0.9) | 94.24 | 76.84 | 81.54 |
Large, (0.8,0.9) | 449.90 | 289.80 | 66.41 |
Scenario | Energy Efficiency of AAR (%) | Energy Efficiency of IMAAR (%) |
---|---|---|
Small, (0.2,0.3) | 76.06 | 90.80 |
Small, (0.8,0.6) | 48.94 | 82.53 |
Medium, (0.5,0.3) | 35.85 | 67.55 |
Medium, (0.5,0.6) | 35.71 | 68.88 |
Large, (0.2,0.9) | 73.88 | 79.14 |
Large, (0.8,0.9) | 25.98 | 73.25 |
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Li, X.; Liu, A.; Xie, M.; Xiong, N.N.; Zeng, Z.; Cai, Z. Adaptive Aggregation Routing to Reduce Delay for Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2018, 18, 1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041216
Li X, Liu A, Xie M, Xiong NN, Zeng Z, Cai Z. Adaptive Aggregation Routing to Reduce Delay for Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2018; 18(4):1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041216
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xujing, Anfeng Liu, Mande Xie, Neal N. Xiong, Zhiwen Zeng, and Zhiping Cai. 2018. "Adaptive Aggregation Routing to Reduce Delay for Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 18, no. 4: 1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041216
APA StyleLi, X., Liu, A., Xie, M., Xiong, N. N., Zeng, Z., & Cai, Z. (2018). Adaptive Aggregation Routing to Reduce Delay for Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18(4), 1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041216