PARAFAC Decomposition for Ultrasonic Wave Sensing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Procedure and Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ultrasonic Wave-Sensing System
2.2. Proposal
2.3. Signal Processing
2.4. Relative Error
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Input and Output Signals
Port | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 1.000 | −0.978 | 0.949 | −0.955 |
A2 | −0.978 | 1.000 | −0.950 | 0.949 |
B1 | 0.949 | −0.950 | 1.000 | −0.936 |
B2 | −0.955 | 0.949 | −0.936 | 1.000 |
3.2. PARAFAC Decomposition
3.3. Relative Error Evaluation
3.3.1. Input Signal Amplitude
3.3.2. Analysis Period
3.3.3. Input Signal Frequency
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The study established a signal processing strategy that improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the one-time measured ultrasonic signal; meanwhile, a sound mathematical model was given to describe the signal processing procedure, which mainly includes complex wavelet transformation, PARAFAC decomposition, and relative error evaluation.
- (2)
- The experimental investigation validated that the signal-to-noise ratio for a one-time measured signal can be improved through a comparison of relative measurement and relative analysis errors for different input amplitudes, analysis periods, and input frequencies of the ultrasonic wave signals. The relative measuring errors increased greatly, whereas the relative analysis errors increased gradually following increases in the analysis period and input frequency and decreases in the input amplitude.
- (3)
- All frequency distributions of wavelet transforms were demonstrated for the one-time measured signals, one-time restored signals, and 1024-time averaged signals. It was validated that the proposed method is applicable and reliable for most experimental conditions.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zheng, R.; Nakano, K.; Ohashi, R.; Okabe, Y.; Shimazaki, M.; Nakamura, H.; Wu, Q. PARAFAC Decomposition for Ultrasonic Wave Sensing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Procedure and Evaluation. Sensors 2015, 15, 16388-16411. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716388
Zheng R, Nakano K, Ohashi R, Okabe Y, Shimazaki M, Nakamura H, Wu Q. PARAFAC Decomposition for Ultrasonic Wave Sensing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Procedure and Evaluation. Sensors. 2015; 15(7):16388-16411. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716388
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Rencheng, Kimihiko Nakano, Rui Ohashi, Yoji Okabe, Mamoru Shimazaki, Hiroki Nakamura, and Qi Wu. 2015. "PARAFAC Decomposition for Ultrasonic Wave Sensing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Procedure and Evaluation" Sensors 15, no. 7: 16388-16411. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716388
APA StyleZheng, R., Nakano, K., Ohashi, R., Okabe, Y., Shimazaki, M., Nakamura, H., & Wu, Q. (2015). PARAFAC Decomposition for Ultrasonic Wave Sensing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Procedure and Evaluation. Sensors, 15(7), 16388-16411. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150716388