Relic Vergilius Oak (Quercus virgiliana Ten.) Trees Could Preserve Microhabitats of Pannonian Forest–Steppe Vegetation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods of Selection and Description
- First Military Land-Survey of Hungarian Kingdom, 1782–1785 [https://maps.arcanum.com/hu/map/firstsurvey-hungary/?layers=147&bbox=2070390.0687322675%2C6004328.278894642%2C2173503.61988897%2C6041629.548697809 (accessed on 3 July 2024)]
- Second Military Land-Survey of Hungarian Kingdom, 1819–1869 [https://maps.arcanum.com/hu/map/secondsurvey-hungary/?layers=5&bbox=2114912.2490512794%2C6021329.6822395325%2C2127801.442945867%2C6025992.340964928 (accessed on 3 July 2024)]
- Military Land-Survey of Hungary, 1941 [https://maps.arcanum.com/hu/map/hungary1941/?layers=29&bbox=2110378.5778111913%2C6019224.854830895%2C2136156.965600367%2C6028550.172281686 (accessed on 3 July 2024)]
- Forestry Map of Hungary, 2022 [https://erdoterkep.nebih.gov.hu/ (accessed on 3 July 2024)]
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Taxonomic Evaluation of Relic Trees
3.2. Biocoenology of Microhabitats
3.3. Natural Succession and Landscape Dynamic
3.4. Effects of Land Use Dynamic
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Plot | Locality | Plant Origin | Taxonomic Status Shortly | Position | 1782 | 1819 | 1941 | 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dúzs | seedling | virg × dal × pet | 4 additional younger tree(s) | f | al | pa | hm |
2 | Gyönk | root-shoot | dal × virg | 1 additional sapling | f | fb | fb | fb |
3 | Gyönk | root-shoot | virg × dal × pet | 1 additional tree | fb | fb | pa | fb |
4 | Kalaznó | stump shoot | virg × dal | 6 additional tree(s) | pa | fb | pa | fb |
5 | Kalaznó | root-shoot | virg × dal × pet | 2 additional saplings | pa | pa | pa | hm |
6 | Kalaznó | root-shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | al | al | hm |
7 | Kalaznó | seedling | dal × virg | solitaire tree | fb | pa | pa | f |
8 | Mucsi | stump shoot | virg × dal | 12 additional tree(s) | pa | al | al | hm |
9 | Gyönk | stump shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | f | fb | fb | hm |
10 | Mucsi | stump shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | al | al | fb |
11 | Mucsi | stump shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | al | al | fb |
14 | Gyönk | seedling | dal × virg | border of a new forest | f | fb | fb | hm |
15 | Gyönk | seedling | virg × dal | border of a new forest | f | fb | fb | hm |
16 | Dúzs | seedling | dal × virg × pub | solitaire tree | fb | al | al | hm |
17 | Dúzs | seedling | pet × virg × dal | solitaire tree | fb | al | al | hm |
18 | Szakály | seedling | dal × virg × pet | solitaire tree | vi | vi | al | f |
19 | Szakály | stupm shoot | dal × virg | solitaire tree | vi | vi | al | f |
20 | Szakály | root-shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | vi | vi | al | f |
21 | Gyönk | stump-shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | f | fb | pa | fb |
22 | Gyönk | seedling | pub × virg | solitaire tree | f | fb | pa | fb |
23 | Gyönk | seedling | virg × dal | solitaire tree | f | pa | pa | hm |
24 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × pet | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
25 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × pub | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
26 | Diósberény | seedling | virg × pet × dal | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
27 | Diósberény | seedling | virg × pet × dal | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
28 | Diósberény | stump-shoot | virg × pet × dal | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
29 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × dal × pet | solitaire tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
30 | Diósberény | root-shoot | pet × virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
31 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × pet × dal | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
32 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
33 | Diósberény | seedling | dal × virg | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
34 | Diósberény | seedling | pet × virg × dal | 1 additional tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
35 | Diósberény | roor-shoot | virg | 1 additional tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
36 | Diósberény | stump-shoot | virg | solitaire tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
37 | Diósberény | seedling | virg × pet × dal | solitaire tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
38 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
39 | Diósberény | stump-shoot | virg | solitaire tree | pa | fb | fb | pa |
40 | Diósberény | root-shoot | virg × dal | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
41 | Diósberény | stump-shooot | virg × dal × pet | solitaire tree | pa | pa | fb | pa |
Species | Character Species | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer campestre | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||
Acer tataricum | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Berberis vulgare | F | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carpinus betulus | F | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Clematis vitalba | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Colutea arborescens | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cornus sanguinea | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corylus avellana | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crataegus monogyna | F/WS | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
Chamaecystus hirsutus | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Euonymus europaeus | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frangula alnus | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fraxinus ornus | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Ligustrum vulgare | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
Prunus spinosa | F/WS | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quercus cerris | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rosa canina | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rosa gallica | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rubus caesius | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ruscus aculeatus | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ulmus minor | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Viburnum lantana | F | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Species Character | Species | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aegonychon purpurea-coeruleum | WS | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ajuga reptans | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anthriscus cerefolium | F | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anthriscus sylvestris | F | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Galium odoratum | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Astragalus glycyphyllos | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campanula persicifolia | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corydalis solida | WS | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Digitalis grandiflora | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Euphorbia amygdaloides | F | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Galium schultesii | WS | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Galium sylvaticum | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Geum urbanum | WS | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Glechoma hederacea | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Helleborus odorus | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hypericum perforatum | F/WS | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Knautia drymeia | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vinca herbacea | WS | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Viola silvestris | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Species | Character Species | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arum maculatum | F | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brachipodium sylvaticum | F | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bromus sterilis | F/WS | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Calamagrostris epigeios | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carex humilis | WS | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carex michellii | WS | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cephalantera damasonium | F | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cephalantera longifolia | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dactylis polygama | WS | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iris variegata | WS | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Limodorum abortivum | F | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Melica uniflora | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orchis purpurea | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poa nemoralis | F | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Polygonatum latifolium | F | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scilla vindobonensis | F | x |
Species | Functional Spectrum | Substrate Specificity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aleurodiscus disciformis | Sh | only Quercus spp. | x | ||||||||||
Antrodia albida | Sh | polyphagous | x | ||||||||||
Auricularia mesenterica | Sh | polyphagous | x | x | x | ||||||||
Exidia nigricans | Sh | polyphagous | x | ||||||||||
Fuscoporia torulosa | Pn | polyphagous | x | ||||||||||
Hypholoma fasciculare | Sh | polyphagous | x | ||||||||||
Peniophora quercina | Sh | dominantly Quercus spp. | x | ||||||||||
Perenniporia fraxinea | Pn | polyphagous | x | ||||||||||
Polyporus arcularius | Sh | polyphagous | x | ||||||||||
Stereum hirsutum | Sh | polyphagous | x | x | |||||||||
Vuilleminia comedens | Sh | dominantly Quercus spp. | x |
Species Types | Land-Use Types | Mean ± Standard Deviation | N |
---|---|---|---|
forest woody plant | forest | 2.75 ± 1.26 a | 4 |
boundary line of forested land | 6.20 ± 1.10 b | 5 | |
pasture | 5.17 ± 1.95 ab | 18 | |
hay meadow | 5.60 ± 1.84 b | 10 | |
forest dicot herbs | forest | 1.00 ± 1.41 a | 4 |
boundary line of forested land | 1.80 ± 0.45 a | 5 | |
pasture | 1.89 ± 0.83 a | 18 | |
hay meadow | 2.40 ± 2.12 a | 10 | |
forest monocot herbs | forest | 1.00 ± 1.15 a | 4 |
boundary line of forested land | 3.80 ± 2.77 b | 5 | |
pasture | 1.33 ± 0.69 a | 18 | |
hay meadow | 2.00 ± 1.25 ab | 10 |
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Bordács, S.; Pintér, B.; Horváth, C.; Benedek, L.; Ladányi, M. Relic Vergilius Oak (Quercus virgiliana Ten.) Trees Could Preserve Microhabitats of Pannonian Forest–Steppe Vegetation. Diversity 2024, 16, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070401
Bordács S, Pintér B, Horváth C, Benedek L, Ladányi M. Relic Vergilius Oak (Quercus virgiliana Ten.) Trees Could Preserve Microhabitats of Pannonian Forest–Steppe Vegetation. Diversity. 2024; 16(7):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070401
Chicago/Turabian StyleBordács, Sándor, Beáta Pintér, Csaba Horváth, Lajos Benedek, and Márta Ladányi. 2024. "Relic Vergilius Oak (Quercus virgiliana Ten.) Trees Could Preserve Microhabitats of Pannonian Forest–Steppe Vegetation" Diversity 16, no. 7: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070401
APA StyleBordács, S., Pintér, B., Horváth, C., Benedek, L., & Ladányi, M. (2024). Relic Vergilius Oak (Quercus virgiliana Ten.) Trees Could Preserve Microhabitats of Pannonian Forest–Steppe Vegetation. Diversity, 16(7), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070401