Reviewing Introduction Histories, Pathways, Invasiveness, and Impact of Non-Indigenous Species in Danish Marine Waters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Expert-Based Scoring
2.4. Geographic Distribution over Time of Selected Species
3. Results
3.1. Maintaining and Updating the List of NIS in Danish Waters
3.2. Problematic Taxa and Records
3.3. Analyses of the Updated List of NIS in Danish Waters
3.4. Expert-Based Scoring
3.5. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Selected Species
4. Discussion
4.1. Maintaining an Updated NIS List
4.2. Trends in New NIS Arrivals
4.3. Expert Evaluations
4.4. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Selected NIS Species
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magallana gigas | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 16 |
Mnemiopsis leidyi | Zooplankton | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Neogobius melanostomus | Fish | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 14 |
Sargassum muticum | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Spartina anglica | Grass | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Gracilaria vermiculophyllum | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 13 |
Ensis leei | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 12 |
Hemigrapsus sanguineus | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
Hemigrapsus takanoi | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
Styela clava | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
Marenzelleria neglecta | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Marenzelleria viridis | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Ficopomatus enigmaticus | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Fucus distichus | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Rhithropanopeus harrisii | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Crepidula fornicata | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Ocinebrellus inornatus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Cordylophora caspia | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Caprella mutica | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara | Parasite | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 10 |
Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae | Parasite | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 10 |
Amphibalanus improvisus | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Austrominius modestus | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 9 |
Colpomenia peregrina | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Codium fragile ssp. fragile | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Petricolaria pholadiformis | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Teredo navalis | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
Bonnemaisonia hamifera | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Dasya baillouviana | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Dasysiphonia japonica | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Dictyota dichotoma | Macroalga | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Eriocheir sinensis | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Melanothamnus harveyi | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Mya arenaria | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Mytilicola intestinalis | Parasite | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
Crassostrea virginica | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Spartina alterniflora × maritima | Grass | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Diadumene lineata | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Gonionemus vertens | Zooplankton | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Potamopyrgus antipodarum | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Fish | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Oncorhynchus kisutch | Fish | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Fish | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Salvelinus alpinus | Fish | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Salvelinus fontinalis | Fish | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Acipenser baerii | Fish | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii | Fish | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Acipenser stellatus | Fish | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Species Name | Functional Group | I | II | I + II | III | IV | III + IV | V | VI | Total Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Didemnum vexillum | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 15 |
Callinectes sapidus * | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
Potamocorbula amurensis | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 13 |
Undaria pinnatifida | Macroalga | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 13 |
Arcuatula senhousia | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
Charybdis (Charybdis) japonica | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
Paralithodes camtschaticus | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
Perna viridis | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 11 |
Homarus americanus * | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
Mulinia lateralis | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Mytilopsis leucophaeata | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Urosalpinx cinerea | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 10 |
Cancer irroratus | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
Gammarus tigrinus * | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Dikerogammarus villosus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Obesogammarus crassus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Pontogammarus robustoides | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Gmelinoides fasciatus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Chama pacifica | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Palaemon macrodactylus | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Rapana venosa | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
Schizoporella japonica * | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Corbicula fluminalis | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Procambarus acutus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Boccardia proboscidea | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Cercopagis (Cercopagis) pengoi | Zooplankton | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Bugula neritina | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Pseudodiaptomus marinus * | Zooplankton | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Cornigerius maeoticus | Zooplankton | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Corella eumyota | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Ruditapes philippinarum | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Rangia cuneata | Benthic invertebrate | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Amphibalanus amphitrite | Benthic invertebrate | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Echinogammarus ischnus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Echinogammarus trichiatus | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Hesperibalanus fallax | Benthic invertebrate | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Beroe ovata * | Zooplankton | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
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Jensen, K.R.; Andersen, P.; Andersen, N.R.; Bruhn, A.; Buur, H.; Carl, H.; Jakobsen, H.; Jaspers, C.; Lundgreen, K.; Nielsen, R.; et al. Reviewing Introduction Histories, Pathways, Invasiveness, and Impact of Non-Indigenous Species in Danish Marine Waters. Diversity 2023, 15, 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030434
Jensen KR, Andersen P, Andersen NR, Bruhn A, Buur H, Carl H, Jakobsen H, Jaspers C, Lundgreen K, Nielsen R, et al. Reviewing Introduction Histories, Pathways, Invasiveness, and Impact of Non-Indigenous Species in Danish Marine Waters. Diversity. 2023; 15(3):434. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030434
Chicago/Turabian StyleJensen, Kathe R., Per Andersen, Nikolaj R. Andersen, Annette Bruhn, Helle Buur, Henrik Carl, Hans Jakobsen, Cornelia Jaspers, Kim Lundgreen, Ruth Nielsen, and et al. 2023. "Reviewing Introduction Histories, Pathways, Invasiveness, and Impact of Non-Indigenous Species in Danish Marine Waters" Diversity 15, no. 3: 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030434