Evaluating Formic Acid as a Behavioral Modifier in African Savanna Elephants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herd Size | Demographic of Responding Animal | Response Rating | Behavior |
---|---|---|---|
5 | Subadult male | 3 | Strong reaction, whole herd leaves waterhole (Video S2) |
3 | Subadult male | 0 | Curious about socks |
1 | Adult male | 1 | Foot and trunk wave |
6 | Subadult male | 3 | Trunk raised, retreated quickly (Video S1) |
6 | Subadult male | 0 | Curious about socks |
6 | Subadult male | 1 | Foot wave |
6 | Subadult male | 1 | Foot wave |
2 | Adult males | 1 | Foot wave; threw sock |
9 | Calf | 2 | Ran away from sock |
1 | Adult male | 2 | Backed away, avoided sock |
1 | Adult male | 1 | Foot wave |
8 | Subadult female | 1 | Backed away |
8 | Subadult female | 1 | Backed away, foot wave |
21 | Adult female | 1 | Foot wave, backed up |
21 | Subadult male | 1 | Head shake, backed up |
16 | Subadult male | 2 | Backed away rapidly |
1 | Adult male | 1 | Foot wave |
14 | Adult female | 1 | Foot wave |
15 | Subadult male | 2 | Head toss, turned away from sock |
15 | Matriarch | 1 | Foot wave |
15 | Subadult male | 1 | Threw sock |
14 | Calf | 0 | Curious |
14 | Subadult male | 1 | Threw sock |
3 | Subadult female | 0 | Distracted by other elephants as detecting sock |
1 | Adult male | 1 | Paused approaching sock |
1 | Adult male | 1 | Foot wave |
1 | Adult male | 1 | Pause, slight retreat |
8 | Subadult male | 1 | Foot wave, slight retreat |
6 | Subadult female | 0 | Curious |
14 | Subadult male | 2 | Foot wave, head toss, turned away |
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Wright, M.G.; Gatti, I.; Au, M.G.; Salehi, J.; Spencer, C.R.; Allin, P.; Mafra-Neto, A. Evaluating Formic Acid as a Behavioral Modifier in African Savanna Elephants. Diversity 2023, 15, 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101079
Wright MG, Gatti I, Au MG, Salehi J, Spencer CR, Allin P, Mafra-Neto A. Evaluating Formic Acid as a Behavioral Modifier in African Savanna Elephants. Diversity. 2023; 15(10):1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101079
Chicago/Turabian StyleWright, Mark G., Irene Gatti, Michelle G. Au, Juliana Salehi, Craig R. Spencer, Paul Allin, and Agenor Mafra-Neto. 2023. "Evaluating Formic Acid as a Behavioral Modifier in African Savanna Elephants" Diversity 15, no. 10: 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101079
APA StyleWright, M. G., Gatti, I., Au, M. G., Salehi, J., Spencer, C. R., Allin, P., & Mafra-Neto, A. (2023). Evaluating Formic Acid as a Behavioral Modifier in African Savanna Elephants. Diversity, 15(10), 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101079