Pollen Types Reveal Floral Diversity in Natural Honeys from Campeche, Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Honey Sampling
2.3. Quantitative Pollen Analysis
- X = the number of pollen grains in each gram of honey.
- A = the arithmetic mean of pollen grains in the two compartments of the Neubauer chamber (N1 + N2/2).
2.4. Qualitative Pollen Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Pollen Qualification
3.2. Flora Identification
3.3. Relationship between Flora Identified through Pollen Types and Ecosystem Sampling
3.4. Honey Classification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Location | Time Collection | Ecosystem | Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C029 | Pich | August 2021 | Low deciduous forest | N 19°29′11″/O 90°07′05″ | [20] |
C031 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Medium-stature tropical forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | [21] |
C033 | Hopelchén | April 2021 | Low-stature tropical forest | N 19°32′30″/O 89°36′30″ | [20] |
C039 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | [21] |
C040 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | |
C043 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | |
C045 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | |
C046 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Low inundated tropical forest | N 19°29′77″/O 90°56′52″ | |
C049 | Hopelchén | April 2021 | Low-stature tropical forest | N 19°32′30″/O 89°36′30″ | [21] |
C052 | Calkiní | February 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | [22] |
C054 | Campeche | August 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 19°50′55″/O 90°31′ | [22] |
C056 | Campeche | August 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 19°50′55″/O 90°31′ | |
C058 | Tenabo | March 2021 | Low deciduous forest | N 20°04′09″/O 90°22′55″ | [23] |
C060 | Tenabo | March 2021 | Low deciduous forest | N 19°50′55″/O 90°31′ | |
C063 | Tenabo | March 2021 | Low deciduous forest | N 19°50′55″/O 90°31′ | |
C066 | Hecelchakán | July 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°10′37″/O 90°08′02″ | [24] |
C071 | Hecelchakán | July 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 20°22′21″/O 90°03′03″ | |
C075 | Canasayab | May 2021 | Low inundated tropical forest | N 19°29′77″/O 90°56′52″ | [25] |
C077 | La nueva Esperanza | June 2021 | Secondary forest | N 19°19′55″/O 90°63′97″ | [23] |
C080 | Ulumali | February 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 19°27′25″/O 90°62′33″ | |
CO82 | Ah Kim Pech, | March 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 18°99′88″/O 90°24′44″ | |
CO83 | Chilam Balam | March 2021 | Medium deciduous forest | N 19°00′30″/O 90°56′52″ |
Taxa | ABB | SMSUP | SBBA | SBPER | SMSU | SBSU | SSSU | SBSUB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. | Alb | <10% | <10% | |||||
Albizia tomentosa (Micheli) Standl. | Albt | <10% | <10% | |||||
Amaranthus spinosus L. | Ama | <20% | ||||||
Cassia fistula L. | Cas | <10% | <10% | |||||
Coccoloba reflexiflora Standl. | Coc | <10% | ||||||
Croton icche Lundell | Cro | >60% | ||||||
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | Gua | <10% | >40% | <10% | <10% | |||
Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe | Gym | <10% | >20% | |||||
Milleria quinqueflora L. | Mil | <10% | <20% | <10% | <20% | <10% | >60% | |
Neomillspaughia emarginata (H. Gross) S.F Blake | Neo | <10% | ||||||
Operculina pinnatifida (Kunth) O’ Donell | Ope | <10% | ||||||
Pithecellobium lanceolatum (Willd.) Benth. | Pit | <10% | <10% | |||||
Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand | Pse | <10% | <10% | |||||
Senegalia gaumeri (SF Blake) Britton and Rose | Sen | <10% | ||||||
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. | Tab | <10% | <10% | |||||
Talisia floresii Standl. | Tal | <10% | <10% | |||||
Terminalia buceras (L.) C. Wright | Buc | ~20% | ~50% | >60% | >10% | ~30% | ~30% | - |
Thouinia paucidentata Radlk. | Tho | <10% | ||||||
Zea mays L. | Zea | >20% | ~20% | >20% | >10% | <10% | >30% |
Sample | APC/1 g Honey | Class (Louveaux et al. [28]) | Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index | Nature of Honey | Floral Source: Nectariferous (N) or Polleniferous (P) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monofloral | N | P | ||||
C029 | 43,500 | II | 0.27 | Milleria quinqueflora (67%) | x | x |
Zea mays (33%) | x | |||||
C031 | 50,500 | II | 0.36 | Neomillspaughia emarginata (45%) | x | x |
Gymnopodium floribundum (48%) | x | x | ||||
Amaranthus spinosus (4%) | x | |||||
Albizia lebbeck (3%) | x | x | ||||
C033 | 52,500 | II | 0.83 | Termilaria buceras (49%) | x | x |
Zea mays (47%) | x | |||||
Coccoloba reflexiflora (4%) | x | x | ||||
C039 | 121,500 | III | 0.67 | Amaranthus spinosus (77%) | x | |
Zea mays (19%) | x | |||||
Cassia fistula (2%) | x | x | ||||
Milleria quinqueflora (2%) | x | x | ||||
C043 | 46,000 | II | 0.28 | Amaranthus spinosus (80%) | x | |
Zea mays (10%) | x | |||||
Tabebuia rosea (10%) | x | x | ||||
C045 | 69,000 | II | 0.92 * | Termilaria buceras (75%) | x | x |
Zea mays (4%) | x | |||||
Albizia lebbeck (5%) | x | x | ||||
Gymnopodium floribundum (1%) | x | x | ||||
C049 | 239,000 | 0.50 | Termilaria buceras (80%) | x | x | |
Tabebuia rosea (20%) | x | x | ||||
C052 | 44,500 | II | 0.94 | Talisia floresii (70%) | x | x |
Pseudobombax ellipticum (12%) | x | x | ||||
Zea mays (10%) | x | |||||
Albizia lebbeck (8%) | x | x | ||||
C054 | 436,000 | III | 0.40 | Guazuma ulmifolia (89%) | x | x |
Thouinia paucidentata (9%) | x | x | ||||
Talisia floresii (2%) | x | x | ||||
C056 | 189,000 | III | 0.46 | Guazuma ulmifolia (86%) | x | x |
Termilaria buceras (12%) | x | x | ||||
C060 | 18,500 | I | 0.83 | Gymnopodium floribundum (72%) | x | x |
Milleria quinqueflora (19%) | x | x | ||||
Termilaria buceras (4%) | x | x | ||||
Albizia lebbeck (3%) | x | x | ||||
Albizia tomentosa (1%) | x | x | ||||
C063 | 32,000 | II | 1.13 | Termilaria buceras (58%) | x | x |
Guazuma ulmifolia (19%) | x | x | ||||
Milleria quinqueflora (13%) | x | x | ||||
Zea mays (10%) | x | |||||
C066 | 63,000 | II | 0.44 | Guazuma ulmifolia (84%) | x | x |
Zea mays (16%) | x | |||||
C075 | 17,000 | I | 0.90 | Termilaria buceras (60%) | x | x |
Zea mays (30%) | x | |||||
Thouinia paucidentata (10%) | x | x | ||||
C077 | 191,900 | III | 0.82 | Croton icche (64%) | x | x |
Termilaria buceras (32%) | x | x | ||||
Milleria quinqueflora (2%) | x | x | ||||
Pithecellobium lanceolatum (1%) | x | x | ||||
C080 | 155,500 | III | 0.55 | Gymnopodium floribundum (85%) | x | x |
Guazuma ulmifolia (10%) | x | x | ||||
Zea mays (3%) | x | |||||
Milleria quinqueflora (2%) | x | x | ||||
C082 | 16,500 | I | 0.83 | Zea mays (50%) | x | |
Termilaria buceras (46%) | x | x | ||||
Milleria quinqueflora (4%) | x | x | ||||
C083 | 47,000 | II | 0.64 | Zea mays (50%) | x | |
Termilaria buceras (46%) | x | x | ||||
Milleria quinqueflora (4%) | x | x | ||||
Multifloral | ||||||
C040 | 157,000 | III | 1.16 * | Milleria quinqueflora (42%) | x | x |
Zea mays (40%) | x | |||||
Tabebuia rosea (10%) | x | x | ||||
Albizia lebbeck (8%) | x | x | ||||
C046 | 69,500 | II | 0.97 * | Termilaria buceras (43%) | x | x |
Milleria quinqueflora (31%) | x | x | ||||
Zea mays (11%) | x | |||||
C058 | 60,500 | II | 1.10 * | Pseudobombax ellipticum (40%) | x | x |
Termilaria buceras (39%) | x | x | ||||
Milleria quinqueflora (20%) | x | x | ||||
C071 | 47,500 | II | 0.99 * | Zea mays (55%) | x | |
Termilaria buceras (35%) | x | x | ||||
Pithecellobium lanceolatum (6%) | x | x | ||||
Guazuma ulmifolia (4%) | x | x |
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Villalpando-Aguilar, J.L.; Quej-Chi, V.H.; López-Rosas, I.; Cetzal-Ix, W.; Aquino-Luna, V.Á.; Alatorre-Cobos, F.; Martínez-Puc, J.F. Pollen Types Reveal Floral Diversity in Natural Honeys from Campeche, Mexico. Diversity 2022, 14, 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090740
Villalpando-Aguilar JL, Quej-Chi VH, López-Rosas I, Cetzal-Ix W, Aquino-Luna VÁ, Alatorre-Cobos F, Martínez-Puc JF. Pollen Types Reveal Floral Diversity in Natural Honeys from Campeche, Mexico. Diversity. 2022; 14(9):740. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090740
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillalpando-Aguilar, José Luis, Víctor Hugo Quej-Chi, Itzel López-Rosas, William Cetzal-Ix, Víctor Ángel Aquino-Luna, Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos, and Jesús Froylán Martínez-Puc. 2022. "Pollen Types Reveal Floral Diversity in Natural Honeys from Campeche, Mexico" Diversity 14, no. 9: 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090740