Benthic Invertebrates Abundance and Trophic Links in the Coastal Zone during Cladophora Blooms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Sample Collection
2.2. Environmental State
2.3. Stableisotope Analysis of the Coastal Food Web
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Macroalgae
3.2. Benthic Community
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Name | N; E | Salinity, g/L | Oxygen, mg/L | P Total, mkg/L | Substrate | C org % | AS % | State | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface | Bottom | Surface | Bottom | ||||||||
1 | Primorsk | 60.36; 28.61 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 125 | Silty sand, stones | 0.4 | 60 | Sub-GES |
2 | Flotsky | 60.16; 29.16 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 60 | The same | 0.3 | 94 | GES |
3 | Serovo | 60.20; 29.57 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 50 | The same | 0.5 | 90 | GES |
4 | Repino | 60.16; 29.85 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 102 | The same | 0.5 | 70 | Sub-GES |
5 | Olgino | 59.99; 30.10 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 66 | The same | 0.5 | 55 | Sub-GES |
6 | Petergof | 59.89; 29.90 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 88 | The same | 0.5 | 65 | Sub-GES |
7 | B. Izhora | 59.96; 29.50 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 45 | Sand | 0.1 | 100 | GES |
8 | Grafskaya | 59.98; 29.20 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 148 | Silty Sand | 0.5 | 40 | BES |
9 | Sista-Palkino | 59.81; 28.91 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 50 | Silty Sand | 0.5 | 75 | GES |
10 | Luga Bay | 59.83; 28.50 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 42 | Sand, stones | 0.1 | 90 | GES |
Group/Variable | Site 2 | Site 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δ13C | δ15N | %C | %N | C/N | δ13C | δ15N | %C | %N | C/N | ||
Seston | Mean | −22.9 | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
SD | 1.7 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Cladophora | Mean | −15.8 | 7.1 | 40.7 | 3.3 | 12.2 | −12.6 | 5.8 | 35.8 | 3.8 | 9.5 |
SD | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |
Drifting mats | mean | −15.6 | 7.2 | 36.0 | 3.0 | 12.0 | −11.5 | 6.8 | 35.2 | 3.3 | 10.6 |
SD | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | |
Algae-derived detritus | mean | −10.9 | 6.3 | 38.3 | 2.9 | 13.3 | −10.8 | 6.3 | 38.8 | 2.9 | 13.5 |
SD | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Ulva | mean | −12.4 | 9.4 | 36.1 | 3.4 | 10.7 | - | - | - | - | - |
SD | 0.4 | 0.5 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Potamogeton | mean | −16.4 | 8.0 | 41.4 | 3.7 | 11.4 | −14.5 | 9.0 | 41.9 | 3.4 | 12.3 |
SD | 0.7 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 1.8 | |
Bivalvia | mean | −21.6 | 7.9 | 49.4 | 11.5 | 4.3 | −22.9 | 7.8 | 45.0 | 10.5 | 4.3 |
SD | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 0.5 | |
Gastropoda | mean | −14.7 | 7.1 | 30.7 | 8.8 | 3.5 | −21.3 | 5.3 | 37.9 | 8.3 | 4.6 |
SD | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 0.3 | |
Trichoptera | mean | −19.3 | 9.3 | 49.2 | 9.8 | 5.1 | −14.8 | 6.8 | 43.8 | 8.9 | 4.9 |
SD | 0.6 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |
Diptera | mean | −17.9 | 9.1 | 47.3 | 11.2 | 4.2 | −18.4 | 8.5 | 47.4 | 9.4 | 5.1 |
SD | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |
Ephemeroptera | mean | −17.4 | 9.2 | 47.5 | 10.3 | 4.6 | −18.8 | 9.3 | 45.4 | 10.8 | 4.2 |
SD | 0.7 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 0.3 | |
Hirudinea | mean | −16.8 | 11.0 | 50.3 | 11.2 | 4.5 | −19.5 | 12.2 | 39.3 | 9.7 | 4.1 |
SD | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 1.3 | 0.0 | |
Gammaridae | mean | −16.6 | 8.7 | 36.9 | 8.2 | 4.5 | −18.7 | 9.1 | 27.1 | 5.7 | 4.7 |
SD | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 6.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |
Fish | mean | −17.5 | 12.1 | 41.3 | 11.4 | 3.6 | −20.5 | 14.1 | 42.0 | 12.5 | 3.4 |
SD | 0.0 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
Sources | Eph | Gam | Theo | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cladophora | <0.01–0.89 | 0.36 | <0.01–0.46 | 0.16 | 0.46–0.48 | 0.47 |
Potamogeton | <0.01–0.95 | 0.54 | 0.42–0.96 | 0.74 | 0.26–0.28 | 0.27 |
Ulva | <0.01–0.2 | 0.06 | <0.01–0.18 | 0.06 | <0.001–0.01 | <0.001 |
Detritus | <0.01–0.15 | 0.04 | <0.01–0.03 | 0.03 | 0.25–0.26 | 0.26 |
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Berezina, N.A.; Tiunov, A.V.; Petukhov, V.A.; Gubelit, Y.I. Benthic Invertebrates Abundance and Trophic Links in the Coastal Zone during Cladophora Blooms. Diversity 2022, 14, 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121053
Berezina NA, Tiunov AV, Petukhov VA, Gubelit YI. Benthic Invertebrates Abundance and Trophic Links in the Coastal Zone during Cladophora Blooms. Diversity. 2022; 14(12):1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121053
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerezina, Nadezhda A., Alexei V. Tiunov, Vasily A. Petukhov, and Yulia I. Gubelit. 2022. "Benthic Invertebrates Abundance and Trophic Links in the Coastal Zone during Cladophora Blooms" Diversity 14, no. 12: 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121053