Bryophyte Diversity along an Elevational Gradient on Pico Island (Azores, Portugal)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design and Fieldwork
2.3. Species Inventory and Sampling Completeness
2.4. Diversity Measurement
2.5. Substrate Specificity of Species
2.6. Floristic Composition and Ecological Variables
3. Results
3.1. Species Inventory and Sampling Completeness
3.2. Species Richness (Alpha Diversity)
3.3. Species Diversity (Hill Numbers)
3.4. Similarities and Differences among Elevational Bands and Substrates
3.5. Substrate Specificity of Species
3.6. Ecological Factors Influencing Diversity Patterns
4. Discussion
4.1. Bryophyte Diversity Patterns along Pico Island’ Elevational Transect (Alpha and Beta Diversity)
4.2. Bryophyte Substrate Specificity along the Elevational Transect
4.3. Bryophyte vs. Vascular Plants
4.4. Rare Species: Uniques and Duplicates
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
D | Species | Abrev. | 10 m | 200 m | 400 m | 600 m | 800 m | 1000 m | 1200 m | 1400 m | 1600 m | 1800 m | 2000 m | 2200 m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bryophyta | ||||||||||||||
Alophosia azorica (Renauld and Cardot) Cardot | Al.az | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||||||
Andoa berthelotiana (Mont.) Ochyra | An.be | 11 | 23 | 32 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid. | An.cu | 15 | ||||||||||||
Brachytheciastrum velutinum (Hedw.) Ignatov and Huttunen | Br.ve | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
Brachythecium mildeanum (Schimp.) Schimp. | Br.mi | 1 | 4 | 1 | ||||||||||
Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. | Ca.fl | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Campylopus fragilis (Brid.) Bruch and Schimp. | Ca.fr | 11 | 3 | |||||||||||
Campylopus pilifer Brid. | Ca.pi | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||
Campylopus pyriformis (Schultz) Brid. | Ca.py | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
Campylopus shawii Wilson | Ca.sh | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Cyclodictyon laetevirens (Hook. and Taylor) Mitt. | Cy.la | 7 | ||||||||||||
Daltonia lindigiana Hampe | Da.li | 4 | 2 | |||||||||||
Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp. | Di.he | 1 | ||||||||||||
Dicranum flagellare Hedw. | Di.fl | 2 | ||||||||||||
Dicranum scottianum Turner | Di.sc | 1 | 17 | 26 | 34 | 23 | 1 | |||||||
Diphyscium foliosum (Hedw.) D.Mohr | Di.fo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Ditrichum subulatum Hampe | Di.su | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Echinodium renauldii (Cardot) Broth. | Ec.re | 9 | ||||||||||||
Fissidens bryoides Hedw. | Fi.br | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||
Fissidens dubius P. Beauv. | Fi.du | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
Fissidens serrulatus Brid. | Fi.se | 4 | 1 | 9 | ||||||||||
Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. | Fi.ta | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Fissidens viridulus (Sw.) Wahlenb. | Fi.vi | 4 | 2 | |||||||||||
Grimmia elongata Kaulf. | Gr.el | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Heterocladium heteropterum (Brid.) Schimp. | He.he | 1 | ||||||||||||
Heterocladium wulfsbergii I. Hagen | He.wu | 8 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. | Hy.sp | 25 | 8 | |||||||||||
Hymenoloma crispulum (Hedw.) Ochyra | Hy.cr | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||
Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. | Hy.cu | 1 | 6 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 8 | |||||||
Hypnum uncinulatum Jur. | Hy.un | 3 | 8 | 17 | 81 | 75 | 65 | 53 | 8 | 12 | ||||
Isothecium interludens Stirt. | Is.in | 1 | 2 | 4 | 20 | 2 | ||||||||
Isothecium myosuroides Brid. | Is.my | 18 | 4 | |||||||||||
Isothecium prolixum (Mitt.) M. Stech, Sim-Sim, Tangney and D. Quandt | Is.pr | 13 | 29 | 34 | 8 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
Kiaeria blyttii (Bruch and Schimp.) Broth. | Ki.bl | 4 | ||||||||||||
Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Ångstr. | Le.gl | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
Leucobryum juniperoideum (Brid.) Müll. Hal. | Le.ju | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Mnium hornum Hedw. | Mn.ho | 1 | ||||||||||||
Myurium hochstetteri (Schimp.) Kindb. | My.ho | 4 | 36 | 28 | 27 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
Plagiomnium undulatum (Hedw.) T.J. Kop. | Pl.un | 4 | ||||||||||||
Polytrichum commune Hedw. | Po.co | 12 | 12 | 7 | ||||||||||
Polytrichum formosum Hedw. | Po.fo | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. | Po.ju | 1 | ||||||||||||
Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. | Po.pi | 1 | 3 | 9 | 5 | |||||||||
Pseudorhynchostegiella duriaei (Mont.) Ignatov and Vanderp. | Ps.du | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Pseudoscleropodium purum (Hedw.) M. Fleisch. | Ps.pu | 4 | ||||||||||||
Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens (Dixon and Luisier ex F. Koppe and Düll) Hedenäs | Ps.la | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | ||||||||
Ptychostomum torquescens (Bruch and Schimp.) Ros and Mazimpaka | Pt.to | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
Racomitrium affine (F. Weber and D. Mohr) Lindb. | Ra.af | 2 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 20 | ||||||||
Racomitrium fasciculare (Hedw.) Brid. | Ra.fa | 1 | 12 | |||||||||||
Racomitrium heterostichum (Hedw.) Brid. | Ra.he | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. | Ra.la | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 19 | |||||||
Rhynchostegiella curviseta (Brid.) Limpr. | Rh.cu | 9 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp. | Rh.co | 1 | ||||||||||||
Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst. | Rh.lo | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||
Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst. | Rh.sq | 3 | 1 | |||||||||||
Sciuro-hypnum plumosum (Hedw.) Ignatov and Huttunen | Sc.pl | 1 | ||||||||||||
Sematophyllum substrumulosum (Hampe) E. Britton | Se.su | 9 | 8 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||
Serpoleskea confervoides (Brid.) Schimp. | Se.co | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||
Sphagnum palustre L. | Sp.pa | 2 | ||||||||||||
Tetrastichium fontanum (Mitt.) Cardot | Te.fo | 10 | 1 | 5 | ||||||||||
Tetrastichium virens (Cardot) S.P. Churchill | Te.vi | 20 | 12 | 4 | ||||||||||
Thamnobryum alopecurum (Hedw.) Gangulee | Th.al | 3 | ||||||||||||
Thamnobryum maderense (Kindb.) Hedenäs | Th.ma | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||
Thuidium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Schimp. | Th.ta | 57 | 51 | 22 | 3 | 13 | ||||||||
Tortella flavovirens (Bruch) Broth. | To.fl | 15 | ||||||||||||
Trichostomum brachydontium Bruch | Tr.br | 5 | ||||||||||||
Ulota calvescens Wilson | Ul.ca | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. | Ul.cr | 15 | 28 | |||||||||||
Zygodon conoideus (Dicks.) Hook. and Taylor | Zy.co | 1 | ||||||||||||
Zygodon viridissimus (Dicks.) Brid. | Zy.vi | 7 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Marchantiophyta | ||||||||||||||
Aneura pinguis (L.) Dumort. | An.pi | 2 | ||||||||||||
Bazzania azorica H. Buch and Perss. | Ba.az | 3 | 2 | 32 | ||||||||||
Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dumort. | Bl.tr | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||
Calypogeia arguta Nees and Mont. | Ca.ar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
Calypogeia azorica Bischl. | Ca.az | 1 | ||||||||||||
Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi | Ca.fi | 8 | 12 | 26 | 11 | 2 | 8 | 13 | ||||||
Calypogeia muelleriana (Schiffn.) Müll. Frib. | Ca.mu | 1 | 2 | 9 | ||||||||||
Calypogeia sphagnicola (Arnell and J. Perss.) Warnst. and Loeske | Ca.sp | 1 | ||||||||||||
Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dumort. | Ce.bi | 2 | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||
Cheilolejeunea cedercreutzii (H. Buch and Perss.) Grolle | Ch.ce | 4 | 5 | 22 | ||||||||||
Cololejeunea azorica V. Allorge and Jovet-Ast | Co.az | 1 | ||||||||||||
Cololejeunea microscopica (Taylor) Schiffn. | Co.mi | 5 | 39 | 47 | 59 | 1 | ||||||||
Cololejeunea sintenisii (Steph.) Pócs | Co.si | 9 | 13 | 1 | ||||||||||
Colura calyptrifolia (Hook.) Dumort. | Co.ca | 5 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 1 | ||||||||
Diplophyllum albicans (L.) Dumort. | Di.al | 1 | 11 | 20 | 16 | 6 | 5 | |||||||
Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia (Hook.) Schiffn. | Dr.ha | 1 | 53 | 31 | 43 | 12 | ||||||||
Frullania acicularis Hentschel and von Konrat | Fr.ac | 4 | 4 | 48 | 47 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 1 | |||||
Frullania azorica Sim-Sim, Sérgio, Mues and Kraut | Fr.az | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Frullania microphylla (Gottsche) Pearson | Fr.mi | 24 | 39 | 29 | 20 | 4 | ||||||||
Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dumort. | Fr.ta | 2 | 8 | 16 | 51 | 30 | 81 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 5 | |||
Frullania teneriffae (F. Weber) Nees | Fr.te | 26 | 28 | 48 | 66 | 9 | 24 | 2 | ||||||
Fuscocephaloziopsis crassifolia (Lindenb. and Gottsche) Váňa and L. Söderstr. | Fu.cr | 7 | 10 | 14 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Geocalyx graveolens (Schrad.) Nees | Ge.gr | 1 | ||||||||||||
Gymnomitrion adustum Nees | Gy.ad | 3 | 10 | |||||||||||
Harpalejeunea molleri (Steph.) Grolle | Ha.mo | 8 | 36 | 14 | 4 | |||||||||
Herbertus azoricus (Steph.) P.W. Richards | He.az | 2 | ||||||||||||
Herbertus borealis Crundw. | He.bo | 1 | ||||||||||||
Heteroscyphus denticulatus (Mitt.) Schiffn. | He.de | 1 | 20 | 1 | ||||||||||
Jubula hutchinsiae (Hook.) Dumort. | Ju.hu | 8 | 15 | 12 | ||||||||||
Lejeunea eckloniana Lindenb. | Le.ec | 5 | 1 | |||||||||||
Lejeunea flava (Sw.) Nees | Le.fl | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||
Lejeunea hibernica Bischl., H.A. Mill. and Bonner ex Grolle | Le.hi | 2 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
Lejeunea lamacerina (Steph.) Schiffn. | Le.la | 15 | 35 | 60 | 75 | 59 | 20 | |||||||
Lejeunea patens Lindb. | Le.pa | 1 | 10 | 4 | ||||||||||
Lepidozia cupressina (Sw.) Lindenb. | Le.cu | 9 | 18 | 25 | ||||||||||
Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dumort. | Le.re | 1 | 9 | 2 | ||||||||||
Leptoscyphus porphyrius (Nees) Grolle | Le.po | 7 | 8 | 33 | ||||||||||
Lophocolea coadunata (Sw.) Mont. | Lo.co | 3 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||
Lophocolea fragrans (Moris and De Not.) Gottsche, Lindenb. and Nees | Lo.fr | 1 | 28 | 9 | 25 | 3 | ||||||||
Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad.) Dumort. | Lo.he | 1 | ||||||||||||
Marchantia polymorpha L. | Ma.po | 1 | ||||||||||||
Marchesinia mackaii (Hook.) Gray | Ma.ma | 33 | 28 | 4 | ||||||||||
Marsupella sparsifolia (Lindb.) Dumort. | Ma.sp | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
Metzgeria furcata (L.) Corda | Me.fu | 2 | 22 | 58 | 9 | 16 | 2 | |||||||
Mnioloma fuscum (Lehm.) R.M. Schust. | Mn.fu | 13 | 29 | 21 | ||||||||||
Myriocoleopsis minutissima (Sm.) R.L. Zhu, Y. Yu and Pócs | My.mi | 34 | 13 | 16 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
Nardia scalaris Gray | Na.sc | 2 | ||||||||||||
Nowellia curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt. | No.cu | 13 | 7 | 3 | ||||||||||
Odontoschisma denudatum (Mart.) Dumort. | Od.de | 1 | ||||||||||||
Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Gray | Pa.ly | 3 | ||||||||||||
Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda | Pe.ep | 2 | 1 | 9 | ||||||||||
Plagiochila bifaria (Sw.) Lindenb. | Pl.bi | 3 | 6 | 73 | 45 | 45 | ||||||||
Plagiochila exigua (Taylor) Taylor | Pl.ex | 19 | 15 | 13 | ||||||||||
Plagiochila punctata (Taylor) Taylor | Pl.pu | 2 | 5 | 12 | 33 | 6 | ||||||||
Plagiochila retrorsa Gottsche | Pl.re | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||
Porella canariensis (F. Weber) Underw. | Po.ca | 1 | 12 | 7 | 8 | 3 | ||||||||
Porella obtusata (Taylor) Trevis. | Po.ob | 1 | 13 | 7 | 2 | |||||||||
Pseudomarsupidium decipiens (Hook.) Grolle | Ps.de | 15 | 15 | 32 | ||||||||||
Radula aquilegia (Hook. f. and Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. and Nees | Ra.aq | 1 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 2 | 2 | |||||||
Radula carringtonii J.B. Jack | Ra.ca | 3 | 19 | 39 | 33 | 17 | 1 | |||||||
Radula complanata (L.) Dumort. | Ra.co | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||
Radula holtii Spruce | Ra.ho | 5 | 6 | 6 | ||||||||||
Radula wichurae Steph. | Ra.wi | 6 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi | Re.he | 1 | ||||||||||||
Riccardia chamedryfolia (With.) Grolle | Ri.ch | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||
Riccardia multifida (L.) Gray | Ri.mu | 8 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||
Saccogyna viticulosa (L.) Dumort. | Sa.vi | 2 | 6 | 16 | 37 | 15 | ||||||||
Scapania gracilis Lindb. | Sc.gr | 10 | 16 | 33 | 13 | |||||||||
Scapania scandica (Arnell and H. Buch) Macvicar | Sc.sc | 3 | ||||||||||||
Telaranea azorica (H.Buch and Perss.) Pócs | Te.az | 5 | ||||||||||||
Telaranea europaea J.J. Engel and G.L. Merr. | Te.eu | 6 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 3 | 1 |
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Substrate Elevation (m a.s.l.) | RU | TE | HU | LI | EP | LF | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 18 | 3 | 18 | 25 | 64 | ||
200 | 16 | 5 | 18 | 34 | 73 | ||
400 | 18 | 11 | 6 | 18 | 40 | 93 | |
600 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 54 | 17 | 121 | |
800 | 4 | 18 | 18 | 54 | 18 | 112 | |
1000 | 3 | 5 | 18 | 18 | 48 | 18 | 110 |
1200 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 36 | 9 | 88 |
1400 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 3 | 18 | 53 | |
1600 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 17 | 22 | 78 | |
1800 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 29 | ||
2000 | 18 | 1 | 7 | 26 | |||
2200 | 18 | 12 | 1 | 31 | |||
Total | 155 | 65 | 117 | 141 | 338 | 62 | 878 |
Elevation (m a.s.l.) | 10 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 | 1800 | 2000 | 2200 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRYOPHYTES | |||||||||||||
S (q = 0) | 16 | 32 | 49 | 69 | 72 | 70 | 39 | 31 | 38 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 141 |
H’ | 2.28 | 2.77 | 3.36 | 3.55 | 3.67 | 3.64 | 2.92 | 2.99 | 3.06 | 2.45 | 1.82 | 1.79 | 4.11 |
exp H’ (q = 1) | 9.75 | 15.94 | 28.65 | 34.92 | 39.41 | 37.92 | 18.45 | 19.97 | 21.23 | 11.52 | 6.18 | 6.01 | 61.13 |
D | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.02 |
1/D (q = 2) | 7.38 | 10.41 | 20.53 | 25.64 | 29.14 | 27.90 | 11.40 | 15.28 | 15.52 | 9.49 | 4.84 | 5.08 | 40.48 |
d | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.07 |
1/d (q = 3) | 3.97 | 5.56 | 7.62 | 13.76 | 13.73 | 12.79 | 5.11 | 7.10 | 8.04 | 4.90 | 3.11 | 3.65 | 15.11 |
LIVERWORTS | |||||||||||||
S (q = 0) | 7 | 17 | 28 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 18 | 11 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 71 |
H’ | 1.48 | 2.10 | 2.85 | 3.28 | 3.39 | 3.31 | 2.07 | 2.05 | 1.97 | 1.20 | 1.07 | 0.30 | 3.59 |
exp H’ (q = 1) | 4.37 | 8.15 | 17.32 | 26.49 | 29.61 | 27.38 | 7.93 | 7.73 | 7.16 | 3.31 | 2.91 | 1.36 | 36.09 |
D | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.83 | 0.04 |
1/D (q = 2) | 3.60 | 5.97 | 12.87 | 19.63 | 22.55 | 20.68 | 4.57 | 6.32 | 5.41 | 2.97 | 2.81 | 1.20 | 26.73 |
d | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.91 | 0.08 |
1/d (q = 3) | 2.50 | 4.03 | 5.48 | 11.15 | 10.09 | 9.79 | 2.34 | 3.55 | 3.29 | 2.33 | 2.20 | 1.10 | 12.48 |
MOSSES | |||||||||||||
S (q = 0) | 9 | 15 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 25 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 70 |
H’ | 1.86 | 2.39 | 2.53 | 2.13 | 2.29 | 2.38 | 2.36 | 2.56 | 2.65 | 2.11 | 1.39 | 1.56 | 3.27 |
exp H’ (q = 1) | 6.42 | 10.95 | 12.57 | 8.44 | 9.82 | 10.76 | 10.55 | 12.89 | 14.09 | 8.21 | 4.02 | 4.75 | 26.26 |
D | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.07 |
1/D (q = 2) | 5.39 | 9.18 | 9.30 | 6.04 | 6.78 | 7.33 | 7.03 | 9.64 | 10.11 | 6.55 | 3.35 | 4.05 | 13.80 |
d | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.20 |
1/d (q = 3) | 3.33 | 6.00 | 5.56 | 3.44 | 3.64 | 3.74 | 3.40 | 5.46 | 5.21 | 3.50 | 2.50 | 3.10 | 4.88 |
RU | TE | HU | LI | EP | LF | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRYOPHYTES | |||||||
S (q = 0) | 76 | 61 | 74 | 70 | 84 | 38 | 141 |
H’ | 3.79 | 3.75 | 3.84 | 3.73 | 3.68 | 2.89 | 4.11 |
exp H’ (q = 1) | 44.43 | 42.63 | 46.73 | 41.58 | 39.74 | 18.07 | 61.13 |
D | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
1/D (q = 2) | 29.85 | 32.69 | 33.58 | 30.70 | 28.90 | 12.84 | 40.48 |
d | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
1/d (q = 3) | 11.92 | 13.80 | 14.33 | 11.39 | 11.44 | 7.35 | 15.11 |
LIVERWORTS | |||||||
S (q = 0) | 32 | 29 | 38 | 47 | 51 | 32 | 71 |
H’ | 2.90 | 3.03 | 3.20 | 3.41 | 3.37 | 2.72 | 3.59 |
exp H’ (q = 1) | 18.15 | 20.69 | 24.63 | 30.21 | 29.12 | 15.24 | 36.09 |
D | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
1/D (q = 2) | 12.44 | 16.17 | 18.78 | 24.19 | 22.78 | 11.07 | 26.73 |
d | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.08 |
1/d (q = 3) | 5.39 | 7.20 | 9.81 | 12.05 | 12.72 | 6.64 | 12.48 |
MOSSES | |||||||
S (q = 0) | 47 | 33 | 37 | 23 | 33 | 6 | 70 |
H’ | 3.31 | 3.12 | 3.16 | 2.44 | 2.36 | 1.20 | 3.28 |
exp H’ (q = 1) | 27.34 | 22.54 | 23.49 | 11.41 | 10.62 | 3.31 | 26.58 |
D | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.07 |
1/D (q = 2) | 17.59 | 16.63 | 15.34 | 7.24 | 6.53 | 2.23 | 13.80 |
d | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.65 | 0.20 |
1/d (q = 3) | 6.53 | 8.80 | 5.54 | 3.36 | 3.12 | 1.54 | 4.88 |
Altitudinal Bands | Bryophytes (n = 141) | Liverworts (n = 71) | Mosses (n = 70) |
---|---|---|---|
Low–Middle | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.52 |
Low–Medium High | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.32 |
Low–High | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
Middle–Medium High | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.38 |
Middle–High | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
Medium High–High | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.47 |
Altitudinal Bands | Bryophytes (n = 141) | Liverworts (n = 71) | Mosses (n = 70) |
---|---|---|---|
EP–HU | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.43 |
EP–LF | 0.59 | 0.72 | 0.31 |
EP–LI | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.61 |
EP–RU | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.52 |
EP–TE | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.49 |
HU–LF | 0.46 | 0.60 | 0.24 |
HU–LI | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.51 |
HU–RU | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.65 |
HU–TE | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.74 |
LF–LI | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.41 |
LF–RU | 0.37 | 0.53 | 0.16 |
LF–TE | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.26 |
LI–RU | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.45 |
LI–TE | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.58 |
RU–TE | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.63 |
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Coelho, M.C.M.; Gabriel, R.; Hespanhol, H.; Borges, P.A.V.; Ah-Peng, C. Bryophyte Diversity along an Elevational Gradient on Pico Island (Azores, Portugal). Diversity 2021, 13, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13040162
Coelho MCM, Gabriel R, Hespanhol H, Borges PAV, Ah-Peng C. Bryophyte Diversity along an Elevational Gradient on Pico Island (Azores, Portugal). Diversity. 2021; 13(4):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13040162
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho, Márcia C. M., Rosalina Gabriel, Helena Hespanhol, Paulo A. V. Borges, and Claudine Ah-Peng. 2021. "Bryophyte Diversity along an Elevational Gradient on Pico Island (Azores, Portugal)" Diversity 13, no. 4: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13040162