On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Species List
2.2. Occurrence Records
2.3. Biogeographic Distribution
2.4. Non-Indigenous Species
2.5. Data Mining and BOLD Dataset Creation
2.6. Data Processing and Analyses
2.7. Analyses at the Family Level
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Species Diversity Trends among Phyllodocida
3.1.1. Biogeographic Distribution Patterns
3.1.2. Global Gap-Analysis
3.2. Selected Taxa
3.2.1. Glyceriformia
3.2.2. Holoplanktonic Taxa
Alciopini
Iospilidae
Lopadorrhynchidae
Pontodoridae
Tomopteridae
Typhloscolecidae
Yndolaciidae
3.2.3. Nephtyidae
3.2.4. Polynoidae
3.2.5. Sphaerodoridae
3.2.6. Syllidae
4. Conclusions
- The highest numbers of species of Phyllodocida have been reported from European, North American, and Australian waters, although these numbers are biased by an increased sampling effort in these regions and do not reflect true species richness. DNA barcode data show similar patterns, but also similar bias.
- At the family level, the highest number of distribution records are for Nephtyidae, Phyllodocidae, Syllidae, Nereididae, and Polynoidae and widest distribution ranges were for Phyllodocidae, Polynoidae, Nereididae, Syllidae, and Lopadorrhynchidae.
- Overall, there is a weak latitudinal gradient in species richness, with a rather uniformly high diversity across tropical and temperate latitudes and a drop only in extreme latitudes.
- Antarctic and Pacific coasts of America and Asia, together with the circumtropical areas worldwide show the highest level of endemism, while the lowest numbers occur in temperate Atlantic areas and in the Arctic Ocean.
- Most records of Phyllodocida and the highest species number and barcode data come from the high subtidal, where Nereididae, Syllidae, and Nephtyidae dominate. However, members of Phyllodocida seems to be well adapted to deep waters, particularly polynoids.
- Less than 3% of the known species have been reported as occurring non-natively in certain parts of the world, most of them in Mediterranean waters, and more than half belong to Nereididae and Syllidae. However, many “non-native” or “introduced” species, particularly those belonging to critic species-complexes, turned to be native species with locally restricted populations when carefully examined. None of them has been considered as invasive or as pest to date.
- There is a still unknown number of possible cryptic species complexes, this being a recurrent trend in most examined families.
- Most examined families except to some extent Glyceridae and Goniadidae, show no traces of stabilization of the accumulative curve of species description, indicating that more new species are expected to be described in the coming years. Sources of new species diversity are mainly related with cryptic species complexes, but also with sampling in poorly explored regions and environments, with the deep-sea being particularly promising.
- Only 620 species of Phyllodocida have sequences published in BOLD, for 1215 BINS as a consequence of having sequences (1) assigned to higher taxonomic ranks (genus or family), and (2) with wrong taxonomy assignments, the latter representing 22% and including sequences either misidentified and/or with invalid, misspelled, or synonymized names.
- Our analyses show the key importance of keeping barcode libraries adequately curated, together with the need of adding metadata, while highlighting the apparent difficulty of having molecular data with correct identifications among Phyllodocida, with less than 60% of the records being usable at the species-level in statistical analysis.
- Despite the amount of knowledge on the systematics of Phyllodocida, we would like to stress that there are still many open questions regarding the correct phylogenetic placement of most taxa (at different levels) so that further efforts must be dedicated to collecting new materials, allowing precise morphological descriptions in parallel with sequences.
- We would like to highlight that there is a similar lack of knowledge with respect to the ecology of most species of Phyllodocida, as well as on their functional role in marine ecosystems all over the world oceans.
- Taking into account that we are entering in the 2020s Oceans Decade, during which marine ecosystems have to be re-evaluated from many different points of view (from basic science to sustainable ecosystem services and derived benefits), having a real and accurate picture of the world oceans emerges as a strategic pillar, with the knowledge on the diversity they hold being keystone.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Species | TL | AOI | BNN | BOA | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chrysopetalidae | Bhawania goodei | Bermuda | Mediterranean Sea | Florida Keys, USA (1 seq) | [39] | |
Glyceridae | Glycera capitata | Greenland | Black Sea | Artic Russia (9 seq)—Kandalaksha Bay, Velikaya Salma Strait; NAmerica (10 seq)—Hudson Bay, Canada; Saglek Fiord, Canada; Devon Island, Canada; Alaska, USA; Ratnagiri coast, India (2 seq) | [40] | |
Hesionidae | Podarkeopsis capensis | South Africa | E Mediterranean | N Spain (1 seq) | [39] | |
Nephtyidae | Inermonephtys inermis(1) | Florida Keys, USA | Red Sea | China (3 seq)—Laizhou Bay | [40] | |
Nereididae | Alitta succinea | Cuxhaven, Germany | Australian Exclusive Economic Zone; Argentina; Caribbean Sea; Hawaii; Japan; South Africa; USA Pacific | USA Atlantic (8 seq) | [39,40] | |
Nereididae | Alitta virens(2) | Manger (N Bergen, Norway) | Baltic Sea, North Sea | Kandalaksha Bay, Velikaya Salma Strait, Russia Arctic (3 seq) St. Andrews, Blockhouse, USA Atlantic (50 seq) | [40] | |
Nereididae | Leonnates decipiens | Gulf of Mannar, Indian Ocean | Mediterranean | India (1 seq)—Mumbai coast | [40] | |
Nereididae | Namalycastis abiuma | Santa Catarina Island, Brazil | Hawaii | China (2 seq)—Yuandang Lake in Xiamen; India (5 seq)—Kadinamkulam estuary | [40] | |
Nereididae | Neanthes acuminata(3) | Gulf of Naples, Italy | USA Pacific | S California, USA (54 seq) | Portugal (5 seq); Hawai (1 seq), USA Atlantic, Connecticut (5 seq); Baja California, Pacific Mexico (6 seq) | [40] |
Nereididae | Perinereis aibuhitensis | Palau, Pacific Ocean | Japan, Portugal | No GPS data (7 seq); Zhoushan Zhujiajian, China (1 seq) | [40] | |
Nereididae | Perinereis nuntia | Gulf of Suez | Mediterranean Sea | Pari Island, Indonesia (1 seq) | [40] | |
Nereididae | Pseudonereis anomala | Gulf of Aden | Mediterranean Sea | Queensland, Australia (21 seq) | [39] | |
Paralacydoniidae | Paralacydonia paradoxa(4) | Monaco, Mediterranean Sea | Red Sea | Bohai Sea, China (18 seq) | [39,40] | |
Phyllodocidae | Eumida sanguinea(5) | Denmark (Kattegat) | Hawaii | NE Atlantic (29 seq)—Scilly islands, Great Britain; Finnmark, Norway; Bergen, Norway; Bohuslän, Sweden; Helsingör, Denmark | [40] | |
Pilargidae | Sigambra parva | S South Africa | E Mediterranean | Ratnagiri coast, India (2 seq) | [39] | |
Polynoidae | Paralepidonotus ampulliferus | Philippines | New Zealand | No GPS data (3 seq) | [40] | |
Polynoidae | Subadyte pellucida(6) | Croatia, Adriatic Sea | Red Sea | Cádiz—Spain (2 seq) | [40] | |
Sigalionidae | Pisione guanche | La Gomera, Spain | E Mediterranean | Lanzarote, Spain (1 seq) | [39] | |
Syllidae | Amblyosyllis speciosa(7) | Misaki, Japan | USA Pacific | Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro Marina (3 seq) | [40] | |
Syllidae | Branchiosyllis exilis(8) | Djibouti, Red Sea | Aegean Sea, USA Pacific | Shark Bay, Western Australia (1 seq) | ||
Syllidae | Eusyllis kupfferi | Madeira island, Portugal | E Mediterranean | Kalbarry, Western Australia (1 seq) | [39] | |
Syllidae | Syllis bella(9) | Laguna Beach, Pacific USA | E Mediterranean | Philipines (1 seq) | [39] | |
Syllidae | Syllis gracilis(10) | Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea | Argentina | Peru (5 seq); Australia (2 seq); Los Angeles, Pacific USA (12); Phillipines (8 seq); Italy (2 seq); Galicia, Spain (4 seq) | [40] | |
Syllidae | Megasyllis nipponica | Sea of Japan | USA Pacific | Manazuru Peninsula, Pacific coast of Japan (1 seq) | [40] |
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Martin, D.; Aguado, M.T.; Fernández Álamo, M.-A.; Britayev, T.A.; Böggemann, M.; Capa, M.; Faulwetter, S.; Fukuda, M.V.; Helm, C.; Petti, M.A.V.; et al. On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families. Diversity 2021, 13, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13030131
Martin D, Aguado MT, Fernández Álamo M-A, Britayev TA, Böggemann M, Capa M, Faulwetter S, Fukuda MV, Helm C, Petti MAV, et al. On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families. Diversity. 2021; 13(3):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13030131
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin, Daniel, Maria Teresa Aguado, María-Ana Fernández Álamo, Temir Alanovich Britayev, Markus Böggemann, María Capa, Sarah Faulwetter, Marcelo Veronesi Fukuda, Conrad Helm, Monica Angelica Varella Petti, and et al. 2021. "On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families" Diversity 13, no. 3: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13030131