The Biodiversity of Water Mites That Prey on and Parasitize Mosquitoes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Review
2.2. Field Experiments to Identify Water Mite Mosquito Predators
3. Biodiversity of Water Mites and Mosquito Interactions
3.1. Predation
3.2. Parasitism
3.3. Global Perspectives and Considerations of the Biodiversity of Water Mite Predation and Parasitism of Mosquitoes
4. Discussion
4.1. Identification of Major Water Mite Mosquito Parasites
4.2. The Potential Impact of Water Mite Life History Strategies on Their Biotic Interactions with Mosquitoes
4.3. Water Mite Parasitism Reduces Mosquito Fecundity and Survivorship
4.4. Potential Water Mite Adaptations: Speciation and Niche Partitioning
4.5. Biogeography of Water Mite–Mosquito Biotic Interactions
4.6. Studies on Water Mite Predation of Mosquito Eggs, Larvae, and Pupae Are Needed
5. Final Considerations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parasitic Mite Taxa | Host Mosquito Taxa | ||
---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Genus | Species |
Arrenurus | acuminatus | Aedes | pallidostriatus, pipersalatus |
Anopheles | barbirostris, culicifacies, minimus, punctipennis, quadrimaculatus, quinquefasciatis, stephensi, walkeri | ||
Culex | bitaeniorhynchus, malayi, nigropuntatus, pipiens, pipiens fatigans | ||
Culiseta | melanura | ||
angustilimbatus | Aedes | abserratus, aurifer, cinereus, communis, diantaeus, excrucians, fitchii, provocans, punctor, stimulans | |
Culex | restuans | ||
Culiseta | morsitans | ||
bisulcicodulus | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
buccinator | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
confractus | Culex | restuans | |
crassicaudatus | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
danbyensis | Aedes | canadensis | |
Coquillettidia | perturbans | ||
Culex | infula | ||
delawarensis | Coquillettidia | perturbans | |
fimbriator | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
gibberifrons | Aedes | novalbopictus | |
globator | Aedes | excrucians | |
Anopheles | claviger, maculipennis | ||
Culex | pipiens | ||
integrator | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
kenki | Aedes | abserratus, canadensis, communis, excrucians, fitchii, japonicus, pallidostriatus, pipersalatus, provocans, punctor, stimulans, trivittatus, vexans | |
Anopheles | quinquefasciatis, thomsoni, walker | ||
Culex | malayi, pipiens fatigans, restuans, restuans, salinarius, territans, tritaeniorhynchus, vishnui | ||
knauthei | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
latus | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
madaraszi | Anopheles | annularis, culicifacies, hyrcanus, nigerrimus, pulcherrimus, sinensis, stephensi, subpictus, vagus | |
Culex | epidesmus, fuscophala, infula, pipiens fatigans, pseudovishnui, tritaeniorhynchus | ||
megaluracarus | Mansonia | uniformis | |
Anopheles | walker | ||
Culex | territans | ||
nodosus | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
novimarshallae | Anopheles | crucians | |
palustris | Anopheles | walker | |
Culex | restuans, territans | ||
pseudotenuicollis | Culiseta | morsitans | |
Aedes | triseriatus | ||
Anopheles | crucians, punctipennis, quadrimaculatus, walker | ||
pugionifer | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
ringwoodi | Aedes | trivattatus | |
Anopheles | punctipennis | ||
stecki | Culex | restuans, salinarius, territans | |
Anopheles | maculipennis | ||
Culex | pipiens | ||
tubulator | Anopheles | maculipennis | |
spp. | Anopheles | aconitus, annulipes, aquasalis, barbirostris, costalis, coustani, darlingi, earlei, evansae, fluviatilis, gambiae, jamesi, karwari, maculatus, maculatus willmori, pallidus, philippinensis, punctipennis, ramsayi, splendidus, squamoses, sundaicus, tessellatus | |
Coquillettidia | bitaeniorhynchus, crassipes, richiardii, venezulensis | ||
Culex | bitaeniorhynchus, brevipalpis, cornutus, erraticus, gelidus, malayi, modestus, pipiens, quinquefasciatus, sinensis, tarsalis, vishnui, whitmorei | ||
Culicidae | spp. | ||
Culiseta | alaskaensis, annulate, impatiens, inornata | ||
Deinocerites | atlanticus, melanophylum | ||
Ficalbia | chamberlaini | ||
Mansonia | annulifera, indiana | ||
Psorophora | ferox, varipes | ||
Uranotaenia | maculipleura |
Parasitic Mite Taxa | Host Mosquito Taxa | ||
---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Genus | Species |
Parathyas | barbigera | Aedes | abserratus, aegypti, albopictus, annulipes, canadensis, cantans, cantator, caspius, cataphylla, cinereus, communis, detritus, excrucians, fitchii, idahoensis, leucomelas, novalbopictus, pallidostriatus, pipersalatus, provocans, punctor, ramachandarai, sticticus, stimulans, trichurus, triseriatus, trivittatus, vexans, vittatus, zoosuphus |
Anopheles | barbarostris, culicifacies, minimus, quinquefasciatis, stephensi | ||
Coquillettidia | perturbans, sp. | ||
Culex | bitritaeniorhynchus, infula, malayi, pipiens fatigans | ||
Psorophora | sp. | ||
Toxorhynchitis | splendens | ||
Uranotaenia | compestris | ||
spp. | Aedes | albopictus, japonicus | |
Culex | pipiens, restuans |
Zoogeographic Region | Country | Arrenurus Species | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Nearctic | Canada | angustilimbatus | [34] |
kenki | [34] | ||
megaluracarus | [34] | ||
palustris | [34] | ||
USA | acuminatus | [34] | |
angustilimbatus | [34] | ||
confractus | [34] | ||
danbyensis | [34] | ||
delawarensis | [34] | ||
globator | [34] | ||
kenki | [34,37] | ||
megaluracarus | [34] | ||
novimarshallae | [34] | ||
palustris | [34] | ||
pseudotenuicollis | [34] | ||
ringwoodi | [34] | ||
tarsostriatus | [34] | ||
Neotropical | Brazil | spp. | [34,43] |
Panama | spp. | [33] | |
Palearctic | France | spp. | [34] |
Germany | bisulcicodulus | [33] | |
buccinator | [33,34] | ||
crassicaudatus | [33] | ||
fimbriator | [33] | ||
globator | [33,34] | ||
integrator | [33] | ||
knauthei | [33] | ||
latus | [33] | ||
nodosus | [33] | ||
pugionifer | [33] | ||
stecki | [33] | ||
truncatellus | [33,34] | ||
tubulator | [33] | ||
China | madaraszi | [34] | |
Japan | madaraszi | [33] | |
Oriental | India | acuminatus | [36] |
danbyensis | [36] | ||
gibberifrons | [36] | ||
kenki | [36] | ||
madaraszi | [34,36] | ||
Indonesia | spp. | [34] | |
Japan | madaraszi | [33] | |
Australasian | Australia | spp. | [34] |
Afrotropical | Angola | spp. | [33] |
Madagascar | spp. | [33] | |
Nigeria | spp. | [33] | |
Saudi Arabia | spp. | [38] |
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Mesocosm Identifier | Date Water Mite Added | Date Monitoring Mosquito Larvae |
---|---|---|
LSCMP#3 | Lebertia quinquemaculosa 9 August 2018 Larvae present | No larvae observed 23 August 2018 |
LSCMP#2 | Hydrachna, 31 August 2018 Larvae present | Larvae observed 7 September 2018 |
LSCMP#6 | Lebertia quinquemaculosa, 11 October 2018 Larvae present | No larvae observed 19 October 2018 |
BI#6 | Lebertia quinquemaculosa 15 September 18 and 17 October 2018, Pupae present, no larvae present | Pupae observed 22 October 2018 |
BI#3 | Arrenurus, 15 September 2018 Larvae present | Periodically inspected no effect observed experiment ended 13 November 2018 |
Family | Genus & Species | Mosquito Taxonomy and Prey Life Stage | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
Arrenuridae | Arrenurus madaraszi | Anopheles sp, Armigerus and Aedes sp larvae | [29] |
Hydryphantidae | Hydryphantes ruber | Aedes stimulans larvae | [15] |
Hydryphantidae | Parathyas barbigera | Aedes egg | [15] |
Hydryphantidae | Parathyas stolli | Aedes egg | [15] |
Hygrobatiidae | Hygrobates calliger | Unknown mosquito larvae | [31] |
Lebertiidae | Lebertia quinquemaculosa | Culex pipiens larvae | This work |
Limnesiidae | Limnesia jamurensis | Anopheles farauti and Culex pullus eggs and larvae | [32] |
Limnesiidae | Limnesia koenikei | Unknown mosquito larvae | [31] |
Pionidae | Piona spp. | Aedes larvae | [15,27] |
Teutoniidae | Teutonia cometes | Unknown mosquito larvae | [31] |
Unionicolidae | Encentridophorus similis | Aedes albopictus larvae | [28] |
Parasitic Mite Taxa | Host Mosquito Taxa | Citation | |
---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | ||
Arrenurus | acuminatus | Aedes pallidostriatus, Aedes pipersalatus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles quinquefasciatis, Anopheles stephensi, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Culex malayi, Culex nigropuntatus, Culex pipiens fatigans | [36] |
danbyensis | Culex infula | [36] | |
gibberifrons | Aedes novalbopictus | [36] | |
kenki | Aedes pallidostriatus, Aedes pipersalatus, | [36] | |
Anopheles quinquefasciatis, Anopheles thomsoni, | [37] | ||
Culex malayi, Culex pipiens fatigans, | |||
Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, Culex restuans | |||
madaraszi | Culex infula | [36] | |
spp. | Aedes scapularis, Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles evansae, Psorophora ferox, Psorophora varipes | [38] | |
Euthyas | spp. | Culex restuans | [37] |
Hydrachna | spp. | Aedes serratus, Mansonia wilsoni, | [38] |
Psorophora varipes | [37] | ||
Limnochares | spp. | Aedes scapularis, Anopheles darlingi | [37] |
Parathyas | barbigera | Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes novalbopictus, | [36] |
Aedes pallidostriatus, Aedes pipersalatus, Aedes ramachandarai, Aedes vittatus, Anopheles barbarostris, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles quinquefasciatis, Anopheles stephensi, Coquillettidia spp., Culex bitritaeniorhynchus, Culex infula, Culex malayi, Culex pipiens fatigans, Toxorhynchitis splendens | [38] | ||
spp. | Uranotaenia compestris | [37] | |
Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Culex pipiens, Culex restuans |
Mite Genus | Mosquito Parasite | Mosquito Predator |
---|---|---|
Arrenurus | X | X |
Encentridophorus | X | |
Euthyas | X | |
Hydrachna | X | |
Hydrochoreutes | X | |
Hydrodroma | X | |
Hydryphantes | X | X |
Hygrobates | X | |
Lebertia | X 1 | X |
Limnesia | X 1 | X |
Limnochares | X | |
Parathyas | X | X |
Piona | X | X |
Teutonia | X | |
Thyasides | X |
Genus | Biogeography | Citation |
---|---|---|
Arrenurus | Cosmopolitan | [54] |
Encentridophorus | Australasia, Asia, Africa | [54] |
Euthyas | North America, Europe | [55,56] |
Hydrachna | Cosmopolitan | [3] |
Hydrochoreutes | Cosmopolitan | [54] |
Hydrodroma | Cosmopolitan | [54] |
Hydryphantes | Cosmopolitan, except New Zealand | [54] |
Hygrobates | Cosmopolitan, except New Zealand | [54] |
Lebertia | Cosmopolitan, except Australasian | [3] |
Limnesia | Cosmopolitan | [3] |
Limnochares | Cosmopolitan | [54] |
Parathyas | Cosmopolitan family | [3] |
Piona | Cosmopolitan | [54] |
Teutonia | Holoarctic | [55] |
Thyasides | Cosmopolitan family | [3] |
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Vasquez, A.A.; Kabalan, B.A.; Ram, J.L.; Miller, C.J. The Biodiversity of Water Mites That Prey on and Parasitize Mosquitoes. Diversity 2020, 12, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060226
Vasquez AA, Kabalan BA, Ram JL, Miller CJ. The Biodiversity of Water Mites That Prey on and Parasitize Mosquitoes. Diversity. 2020; 12(6):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060226
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasquez, Adrian A., Bana A. Kabalan, Jeffrey L. Ram, and Carol J. Miller. 2020. "The Biodiversity of Water Mites That Prey on and Parasitize Mosquitoes" Diversity 12, no. 6: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060226
APA StyleVasquez, A. A., Kabalan, B. A., Ram, J. L., & Miller, C. J. (2020). The Biodiversity of Water Mites That Prey on and Parasitize Mosquitoes. Diversity, 12(6), 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060226