Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) of the Dutch Caribbean and One New Species of Parazoanthus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimens Analyzed
2.2. Specimen Identification
2.3. Cnidae Analyses
2.4. DNA Extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification, and Sequencing
2.5. Phylogenetic Analyses and Species Delimitations
3. Results
3.1. Diversity in the Dutch Caribbean
3.2. Specimens and Species
3.2.1. Parazoanthidae sp. (Figure 2)
3.2.2. Antipathozoanthus aff. macaronesicus Ocaña & Brito, 2003 [59] (Figure 3)
3.2.3. Bergia catenularis Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860 [23] (Figure 4)
3.2.4. Bergia cf. cutressi (West, 1979) [26] (Figure 5)
3.2.5. Bergia puertoricense (West, 1979) [26] (Figure 6)
3.2.6. Parazoanthus swiftii (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) [23] (Figure 7)
3.2.7. Parazoanthidae? sp. (Figure 8)
3.2.8. Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (Figure 9)
3.2.9. Umimayanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) [23] (Figure 12)
3.2.10. Umimayanthus sp. (Figure 13)
3.2.11. Epizoanthus sp. (Figure 14)
3.2.12. Hydrozoanthus antumbrosus (Swain, 2009) [62] (Figure 15)
3.2.13. Hydrozoanthus tunicans (Duerden, 1900) [68] (Figure 16)
3.2.14. (a) Palythoa caribaeorum (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) [23] (Figure 17a,c)
- 14(b)
- Palythoa caracasiana Pax, 1924 [150] (Figure 17b)
- 14(c)
- Palythoa horstii Pax, 1924 [150]
- 14(d)
- Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) [165] (Figure 17d)
3.2.15. Palythoa grandiflora (Verrill, 1900) [92] (Figure 18)
3.2.16. Palythoa grandis (Verrill, 1900) [92] (Figure 19)
3.2.17. Palythoa variabilis (Duerden, 1898) [76] (Figure 20)
3.2.18. Palythoa sp. (Figure 21)
3.2.19. Zoanthus pulchellus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) [23] (Figure 22)
3.2.20. Zoanthus aff. pulchellus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) [23]
3.2.21. Zoanthus sociatus (Ellis, 1768) [185] (Figure 23)
3.2.22. Zoanthus solanderi Le Sueur, 1817 [192] (Figure 24)
3.2.23. Zoanthus sp. (Figure 25)
3.2.24. Isaurus tuberculatus Gray, 1828 [197] (Figure 26)
3.2.25. Zoantharian Species Distribution across the Dutch Caribbean
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NA | information not available. |
RMNH | Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (at Naturalis Biodiversity Center), Leiden, Netherlands |
ZMA | Zoological Museum Amsterdam (at Naturalis Biodiversity Center), Leiden, Netherlands |
NSMT | National Science Museum, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan |
MISE | Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan |
Por | Porifera collection |
Coel | Coelenterata collection |
Sta. LUY | Station number Luymes Expedition [47] |
Sta. EUX | Station number Marine Biodiversity Expedition to Sint Eustatius, 2015 [48] |
coll. BWH | collector: Bert W. Hoeksema |
coll. JCH | collector: J.C. (Koos) den Hartog |
coll. JDR | collector: James D. Reimer |
coll. JGH | collectoer: Jaaziel E. Garcia-Hernandez |
coll. PWH | collector: P. Wagenaar Hummelinck |
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Index | Species | Range (m) | Southern Caribbean (m) | Eastern Caribbean (m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Historic | Recent | Historic | Recent | |||
1 | Parazoanthidae sp. 1 | 140–248 | x | 140–248 | x | x |
2 | Antipathozoanthus aff. macaronesicus | 10 | 10 | x | x | x |
3 | Bergia catenularis | 6–50 | 6–36 | 10–38 | 20–50 | 12–26 |
4 | Bergia cf. cutressi * | 0–8 | 0–8 | x | x | x |
5 | Bergia puertoricense * | 10–55 | 10–55 | 10–38 | x | 13–37 |
6 | Parazoanthus swiftii | 10–40 | 10 | 19–40 | unknown | 14–29 |
7 | Parazoanthidae? sp. | unknown | unknown | x | x | x |
8 | Parazoanthus atlanticus | 10–34 | x | 10–34 | x | x |
9 | Umimayanthus parasiticus * | 1–44 | 1–40 | 15–38 | 16–44 | 3–34 |
10 | Umimayanthus sp. | 37 | x | 37 | x | x |
11 | Epizoanthus sp. | 980 | x | x | 980 | x |
12 | Hydrozoanthus antumbrosus * | 11–30 | x | 30 | x | 11–19 |
13 | Hydrozoanthus tunicans * | 2–30 | 2–4 | 30 | x | 14–19 |
14a | Palythoa caribaeorum | 0–35 | 0–2 | 0–14 | 0–35 | 2–29 |
14b | Palythoa caracasiana *† | unknown | unknown | x | x | x |
14c | Palythoa horstii *† | unknown | unknown | x | x | x |
14d | Palythoa mammilosa *† | 2 | unknown | x | 2 | x |
15 | Palythoa grandiflora | 1–6 | intertidal | x | 1–6 | x |
16 | Palythoa grandis | 11–64 | 18–64 | 11–12 | x | 13–18 |
17 | Palythoa variabilis | 0–37 | 0–24 | 37 | intertidal | 3 |
18 | Palythoa sp. | intertidal | intertidal | x | x | x |
19 | Zoanthus pulchellus | 0–24 | 0–24 | 1–11 | 0–20 | 15–16 |
20 | Zoanthus aff. pulchellus | 1 | x | 1 | x | x |
21 | Zoanthus sociatus | 0–24 | 0–3 | intertidal | 0–6 | 3–24 |
22 | Zoanthus solanderi | 0–21 | intertidal | 12–16 | 0–15 | 3–21 |
23 | Zoanthus sp. | intertidal | intertidal | x | intertidal | x |
24 | Isaurus tuberculatus | 0–15 | intertidal | x | 2 | 15 |
Diversity recorded | 24 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 15 | |
22 | 17 |
Species/Specimens | COI-mtDNA | 16S r-DNA | ITS r-DNA |
---|---|---|---|
Antipathozoanthus macaronesicus | NA | HM130467 | EU591552 |
Bergia catenularis | NA | EU828757 | EU418289 |
Bergia catenularis (TOB37) | NA | NA | EU418292 |
Bergia cutressi (1) | NA | EU828759 | EU418264 |
Bergia cutressi (2) | NA | NA | EU418267 |
Bergia puertoricense (1) | AB247351 | AY995933 | EU591584 |
Bergia puertoricense (2) | NA | EU828758 | EU418312 |
Bergia sp. Senegal | EF672656 | EF687820 | EU591582 |
Bergia sp. 5 Sulawesi | EU591627 | AY995934 | NA |
Bullagummizoanthus emilyacadiaarum | NA | KC218434 | NA |
Corallizoanthus tsukaharai | NA | EU035625 | EU035621 |
Epizoanthus arenaceus | AB247348 | AY995926 | EU591538 |
Hurlizoanthus parrishi | NA | KC218433 | NA |
Isozoanthus giganteus | NA | GQ464867 | GQ464896 |
Kauluzoanthus kerbyi (SH12) | NA | KC218435 | NA |
Kulamanamana haumeaae (SH2) | NA | KC218431 | NA |
Mesozoanthus fossii | NA | EF687822 | EU591545 |
Parazoanthid sp. 02_27 | NA | EU333760 | EU333810 |
Parazoanthid sp. 3 Madagascar | EF672664 | EF687825 | EU591576 |
Parazoanthid sp. Tasmania | EU591620 | EU591610 | NA |
Parazoanthid sp. 3 Sulawesi | AB247354 | AY995937 | EU591575 |
Parazoanthus aff. juanfernandezii (CA128) | NA | GQ464849 | GQ464878 |
Parazoanthus aff. swiftii (PER241) | NA | GQ464853 | GQ464882 |
Parazoanthus aff. swiftii (PER249) | NA | GQ464854 | GQ464883 |
Parazoanthus anguicomus (1) | EF672660 | EF687827 | EU591574 |
Parazoanthus anguicomus (2) | NA | GQ464851 | GQ464880 |
Parazoanthus axinellae (1) | AB247355 | AF398921 | NA |
Parazoanthus axinellae (2) | EF672659 | NA | EU591571 |
Parazoanthus capensis (SA262) | NA | GQ464852 | GQ464881 |
Parazoanthus darwini (1) | NA | EU333748 | EU333802 |
Parazoanthus darwini (2) | NA | EU333751 | NA |
Parazoanthus elongatus (Chile) | EF672661 | EF687829 | EU591565 |
Parazoanthus elongatus (NZ) | EF672662 | EF687828 | EU591564 |
Parazoanthus sp. 1401 | NA | HM130478 | NA |
Parazoanthus sp. 269 | NA | HM130468 | NA |
Parazoanthus sp. ‘hertwigi’ | KC218397 | NA | NA |
Parazoanthus swiftii (1) | AB247350 | AY995936 | GQ848258 |
Parazoanthus swiftii (2) | KJ794176 | EU828755 | EU418332 |
Savalia savaglia | NA | HQ110948 | EU346888 |
Umimayanthus chanpuru (16J) | KR092609 | KR092469 | KR092678 |
Umimayanthus chanpuru (33J) | KR092594 | KR092504 | KR092680 |
Umimayanthus miyabi (179TF) | KR092570 | KR092453 | KR092645 |
Umimayanthus miyabi (70JR) | KR092573 | KR092454 | KR092646 |
Umimayanthus nakama (363JR) | KR092577 | KR092458 | KR092644 |
Umimayanthus nakama (3J) | KR092579 | KR092457 | KR092643 |
Umimayanthus parasiticus (1) | EF672663 | AY995938 | GQ848263 |
Umimayanthus parasiticus (2) | NA | EU828756 | EU418306 |
Zibrowius ammophilus (SH15) | NA | KC218439 | NA |
Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (RMNH.COEL.42433) | NA | NA | MT103525 |
Parazoanthus swiftii (MISE JDR170609-2-6) | MT102228 | MT103533 | MT103530 |
Parazoanthus swiftii (MISE JDR170610-4-32) | MT102229 | MT103534 | MT103531 |
Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (MISE JDR170613-10-60) | MT102223 | MT103538 | MT103528 |
Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (MISE JDR170613-10-61) | MT102222 | MT103539 | MT103527 |
Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (NSMT-Co 1706) | MT102224 | MT103537 | MT103526 |
Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (NSMT-Co 1707) | MT102225 | MT103536 | MT103524 |
Parazoanthus atlanticus sp. n. (MISE JDR170616-13-76) | MT102226 | MT103535 | MT103529 |
Umimayanthus sp. (MISE JDR170619-20-94) | MT102227 | NA | NA |
Sample ID: NSMT-Co 1706 | Length (Min-Max, Average) µm | Width (Min-Max, Average) µm | n | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tentacles | Spirocysts | 13–29, 20 | 2–6, 3.5 | 222 |
Holotrichs (L) | 32 | 15 | 1 | |
Bastrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores | 14–23, 19.8 | 2–5, 4.3 | 24 | |
Microbasic p-mastigophores | - | - | - | |
Column | Spirocysts | - | - | - |
Holotrichs (L) | 20–47, 29.2 | 11–15, 13.1 | 16 | |
Bastrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores | - | - | - | |
Microbasic p-mastigophores | - | - | - | |
Pharynx | Spirocysts | 23 | 3 | 1 |
Holotrichs (M) | 17 | 8 | 1 | |
Bastrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores | 14–18, 16.1 | 2–4, 3.3 | 17 | |
Microbasic p-mastigophores | - | - | - | |
Filaments | Spirocysts | - | - | - |
Holotrichs (L) | 25–31, 28.4 | 9–16, 13.5 | 32 | |
Bastrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores | - | - | - | |
Microbasic p-mastigophores | 12–20, 16 | 3–6, 4.8 | 10 |
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Montenegro, J.; Hoeksema, B.W.; Santos, M.E.A.; Kise, H.; Reimer, J.D. Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) of the Dutch Caribbean and One New Species of Parazoanthus. Diversity 2020, 12, 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050190
Montenegro J, Hoeksema BW, Santos MEA, Kise H, Reimer JD. Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) of the Dutch Caribbean and One New Species of Parazoanthus. Diversity. 2020; 12(5):190. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050190
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontenegro, Javier, Bert W. Hoeksema, Maria E. A. Santos, Hiroki Kise, and James Davis Reimer. 2020. "Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) of the Dutch Caribbean and One New Species of Parazoanthus" Diversity 12, no. 5: 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050190