Unexpected Seven-Membered Ring Formation for Muraymycin-Type Nucleoside-Peptide Antibiotics

Abstract

Naturally occurring nucleoside-peptide antibiotics such as muraymycins or caprazamycins are of major interest for the development of novel antibacterial agents. However, the synthesis of new analogues of these natural products for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies is challenging. In our synthetic efforts towards a muraymycin-derived nucleoside building block suitable for attachment to a solid support, we came across an interesting side product. This compound resulted from an undesired Fmoc deprotection with subsequent cyclization, thus furnishing a remarkable caprazamycin-like seven-membered diazepanone ring.

1. Introduction

Emerging bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics are a severe threat in healthcare [1,2,3]. To address this problem, novel antibacterial agents with previously unexploited modes of action are urgently needed [4]. A promising class that meets this requirement are uridine-derived nucleoside-peptide antibiotics that interfere with bacterial cell wall biosynthesis [5,6,7]. They inhibit MraY, an enzyme that catalyzes a membrane-associated step in the intracellular part of peptidoglycan formation [8,9,10,11,12,13]. Among this structurally diverse class, our research focusses mainly on the subclasses of muraymycins [14,15] and caprazamycins [16,17,18,19,20,21,22] (Figure 1). For muraymycins, a co-crystal structure in complex with MraY has been reported, enabling deeper insights into the inhibitor-target interaction [23,24,25]. However, experimental structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies are still crucial due to the pronounced conformational plasticity of MraY, and have therefore been carried out extensively as exemplified by the according work on muraymycins [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35].

In contrast to previously reported solution-phase syntheses of muraymycin derivatives [28,30,31], we have recently described a solid phase-supported approach for the preparation of structurally simplified muraymycin analogues [36]. This novel strategy was based on the stepwise construction of the muraymycin peptide unit on the solid support. As part of our initial studies on this approach, we had also investigated a potential attachment of the muraymycin nucleoside unit (or an analogue thereof) to the solid phase. Hence, we had envisioned to prepare uridine-derived building block 5 (see Scheme 2) that could then be connected to the solid phase. The design of 5 was based on our previously reported strategy to simplify the muraymycin core structure by omission of the 5′-substituent (“5′-deoxy” analogues) [30,33,35,36,37,38]. Carboxylic acid 5 was intended to be attached to a trityl resin by formation of a trityl ester. In order to then apply standard solid-phase protocols for the assembly of the peptide unit, we chose Fmoc as protecting group for the terminal amino group of the linker moiety. For the preparation of 5, we intended to selectively cleave the tert-butyl ester in the 7′-position of precursor 4 (Scheme 1 and Scheme 2). Studies on this particular transformation have furnished the unexpected side reaction reported in this work.

2. Results

The synthesis of the fully protected uridine-derived precursor building block 4 involved protocols that were previously reported by our group. Thus, uridine 1 was transformed into the protected nucleosyl amino acid 2 using an established five-step route (Scheme 1) [30,37,38]. This was followed by reductive amination of 2 with Fmoc-protected aldehyde 3 [36]. The reductive amination step was carried out in a similar way as with other Cbz-protected aldehydes as previously reported [30] (i.e., using amberlyst as acidic activator and sodium triacetoxyborohydride as reducing agent). The resultant product 4 was obtained in 71% yield (Scheme 1).

For the envisioned selective deprotection of the 7′-carboxylate of 4, we needed a method that would cleave the tert-butyl ester but leave the tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) groups intact. We therefore studied the mild acidic cleavage of the tert-butyl ester of 4—as previously reported by us for similar transformations [39]—in order to potentially obtain 5 (Scheme 2). In first attempts, the reaction was carried out by stirring a solution of 4 in toluene in the presence of silica at reflux temperature (i.e., 111 °C (

Table 1. Investigated conditions for the attempted reaction of 4 to 5 (see Scheme 2).

#	Reagents	Temperature	Reaction Period	Product
1	SiO2, toluene	111 °C (reflux)	5 days	41% 6
2	SiO2, toluene	111 °C (reflux)	1.5 days	68% 6
3	SiO2, toluene	111 °C (reflux)	5 h	76% 6
4	SiO2, toluene	80 °C, then rt	3 days	48% 5
5	80% TFA/CH2Cl2	rt	2 h	partial TBDMS deprotection
6	80% TFA/CH2Cl2	rt	1 h	16% 5 (24% brsm 1)
7	50% TFA/CH2Cl2	rt	2.5 h	full TBDMS deprotection
8	PLE, phosphate buffer (pH 7.5, 0.1 M), DMF	rt	2 days	no reaction

¹ brsm = based on recovered starting material.

, entries 1–3)). The conversion of 4 was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Surprisingly, a seven-membered diazepanone ring was formed to give main product 6 (without the Fmoc protecting group) in a yield of 41% (Table 1, entry 1). This was unexpected, as the Fmoc group usually requires basic conditions for its cleavage. We speculated that, under the applied reaction conditions (high temperature, extended reaction period of 5 days), the secondary amine at the 6′-position of 4 might have been sufficiently basic to mediate Fmoc deprotection. The resultant primary amine then probably attacked the 7′-tert-butyl ester of 4, thus leading to ring formation (proposed mechanism not shown). By significantly decreasing the reaction period, the yield of side product 6 even increased to 68% (after 1.5 days, Table 1, entry 2) and 76% (after 5 h, entry 3), respectively. This demonstrated that 6 was indeed the main product of this transformation at elevated temperatures. Variation of the temperature then revealed that the desired product 5 might have been formed at lower temperatures, but only in small amounts. Target compound 5 was obtained when the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 1 day and then at room temperature (rt) for further 2 days, furnishing a moderate yield of 48% of 5 (Table 1, entry 4). Further attempts to repeat this reaction towards 5 and possibly improve its yield only gave worse results (i.e., lower yields with significant amounts of unidentified impurities). We also explored other conditions to selectively cleave the tert-butyl ester, mainly the treatment of 4 with TFA (Table 1, entries 5–7) or with pig liver esterase (PLE, entry 8), but none of these experiments afforded satisfying conversions to the desired carboxylic acid 5.

Since no reaction conditions were identified that gave the desired uridine-derived building block 5 in robust, reproducible and satisfying yields, this strategy for the solid phase-supported synthesis of muraymycin analogues was discarded, and our reported route (vide supra) was established instead [36]. The obtained diazepanone side product 6 represented an interesting structure as it strongly resembles the core structure (“caprazol”) of caprazamycin antibiotics (cf. Figure 1). We therefore intended to evaluate a deprotected derivative of 6 for its biological activity. Uridine-derived diazepanone 6 was globally deprotected using 80% aqueous TFA for acidic desilylation (Scheme 2). The resultant fully deprotected caprazol analogue 7 was purified by semipreparative HPLC. In the ¹H NMR spectrum of the obtained product, two sets of signals for the H-5 and H-6 protons of the nucleobase were observed, hinting at a uracil-derived impurity that could not be separated from target compound 7 and that could not be identified. However, the amount of this impurity could be estimated from the ¹H NMR to be ~30% based on the uracil-associated signals. We therefore decided to test this mixture of 7 and the unidentified impurity for its potential to inhibit the bacterial target protein MraY, using an established in vitro assay for MraY activity [32,33,40]. It was found that the IC₅₀ value of the mixture containing caprazol analogue 7 was outside of the relevant range (IC₅₀ > 50 μg/mL), thus demonstrating that 7 did not inhibit MraY to a relevant extent (also see Supplementary Materials, Figure S1, for measured data).

3. Discussion

The encountered side reaction from precursor 4 to diazepanone 6 is highly interesting as the construction of the diazepanone scaffold represents one of the main challenges in the total synthesis of caprazamycins and their analogues [18,19,21,22]. To the best of our knowledge, a simple thermally promoted nucleophilic attack of the linker unit to a 7′-carboxylic acid ester moiety has not been successfully explored for the diazepanone-forming step before. The good yields of 6 obtained from this reaction strongly suggest that it should be investigated for caprazamycin syntheses in a more systematic way in the future. Additionally, it has not escaped our notion that this transformation might even be considered to be “biomimetic” with respect to the proposed biosynthesis of caprazamycins [41,42]. However, it seems possible that a cyclization precursor decorated with more functional groups (i.e., an analogue of 4 closer resembling a non-simplified caprazamycin precursor) might undergo decomposition reactions at the elevated temperatures needed for diazepanone formation. Such hurdles might be overcome by the choice of more reactive (i.e., less bulky) ester units in the 7′-position, thus potentially allowing lower temperatures for the ring closure reaction after Fmoc deprotection.

The missing inhibitory potential of the deprotected uridine-derived diazepanone 7 towards MraY shows that a simplified 5′-defunctionalized (“5′-deoxy”) version of the caprazamycin core structure (“caprazol”) does not inhibit this bacterial target protein, at least not in the relevant concentration range. This supports the conclusion that at least some of the functionalized side chain structures found in caprazamycins (cf. Figure 1) are relevant for biological activity.

In summary, we report an interesting and unexpected formation of a caprazamycin-like seven-membered diazepanone ring in a supposedly facile ester cleavage en route to muraymycin analogues. It is particularly remarkable that this side product was obtained in yields much higher than those of the desired product. Additionally, the complete cleavage of the Fmoc group under the (supposedly slightly acidic) reaction conditions was surprising. The observed side reaction might pave the way for the development of more efficient strategies for diazepanone formation in the synthesis of caprazamycin analogues.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Synthesis

General methods: All chemicals were purchased from standard suppliers and used without further purification. Reactions involving oxygen and/or moisture sensitive reagents were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen using anhydrous solvents. Anhydrous solvents were obtained in the following manner: THF was dried with a solvent purification system (MBRAUN MB SPS 800, M. Braun, Garching, Germany). All other solvents were of technical quality and distilled prior to use, and deionized water was used throughout. Analytical TLC was performed on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (VWR, Darmstadt, Germany). Visualization of the spots was carried out using UV light (254 nm) and/or staining under heating (H₂SO₄ staining solution: 4 g vanillin, 25 mL conc. H₂SO₄, 80 mL AcOH and 680 mL MeOH; KMnO₄ staining solution: 1 g KMnO₄, 6 g K₂CO₃ and 1.5 mL 1.25 m NaOH solution, all dissolved in 100 mL H₂O; ninhydrin staining solution: 0.3 g ninhydrin, 3 mL AcOH and 100 mL 1-butanol). Preparative TLC was carried out on a Chromatotron^TM 7924T by T-Squared Technology (San Bruno/CA, USA), using glass plates coated with silica gel 60 PF₂₅₄ containing a fluorescent indicator (VWR, Darmstadt, Germany; thickness depending on the amount of crude material to be separated, for 50–500 mg: 1 mm layer). Column chromatography was carried out on silica gel 60 (0.040–0.063 mm, 230–400 mesh ASTM, VWR, Darmstadt, Germany) under flash conditions. Semipreparative HPLC was performed on an Agilent Technologies 1200 Series system equipped with an MWD detector (254/280) (Agilent Trechnologies, Waldbronn, Germany) and a LiChroCart^TM column (10 × 250 mm) containing reversed phase silica gel Purospher^TM RP18e (5 μm, VWR, Darmstadt, Germany). Method: eluent A water, eluent B MeCN; 0–35 min gradient of B (10%–100%), 35–39 min 100% B, 39–40 min gradient of B (100%–10%), 40–45 min 10% B; flow 3 mL/min. 500 MHz-¹H, 126 MHz-¹³C, and 376 MHz-¹⁹F NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AVANCE-500 spectrometers (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). All ¹³C and ¹⁹F NMR spectra were ¹H-decoupled. All spectra were recorded at room temperature and were referenced internally to solvent reference frequencies wherever possible. Chemical shifts (δ) are given in ppm and coupling constants (J) are reported in Hz. Assignment of signals was carried out using ¹H,¹H-COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectra. High-resolution ESI mass spectra were measured on a Dionex UltiMate 3000 HPLC system and on a Bruker time-of-flight (TOF) maXis (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Infrared spectra (IR) were measured on a Bruker Vertex 70 spectrometer equipped with an integrated ATR unit (PlatinumATR^TM, Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Wavenumbers (ῦ) are quoted in cm^–1. UV spectra were measured on an Agilent Cary 100 spectrophotometer (Agilent Trechnologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Wavelengths of maximum absorption (λ_max) are reported in nm.

N-Fmoc-protected aminoalkylated uridinyl amino acid tert-butyl ester (4): Protected nucleosyl amino acid 2 [30,37,38] (98.0 mg, 0.167 mmol) was dissolved in THF (6 mL) over molecular sieves (4 Å). N-Fmoc-protected aldehyde 3 [36] (75.0 mg, 0.254 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 21 h. Amberlyst™ (7.9 mg, 37 μmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (75.7 mg, 0.357 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred at rt for further 24 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered, and the molecular sieves were washed with EtOAc. The combined filtrates were washed with saturated (sat.) Na₂CO₃ solution (50 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resultant crude product was purified by column chromatography (100:0 → 99:1 → 98:2, CH₂Cl₂–MeOH) to give 4 as a colorless foam (102 mg, 71%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm] = 0.07 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.07 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.07 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.09 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.88 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 0.90 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 1.47 (s, 9H, OC(CH₃)₃), 1.65–1.71 (m, 2H, 2″-H), 1.83–1.89 (m, 1H, 5′-H_a), 1.98–2.02 (m, 1H, 5′-H_b), 2.54–2.59 (m, 1H, 1″-H_a), 2.70–2.75 (m, 1H, 1″-H_b), 3.24–3.35 (m, 3H, 3″-H, 6′-H), 3.66–3.68 (m, 1H, 3′-H), 4.10–4.14 (m, 1H, 4′-H), 4.20–4.25 (m, 2H, 2′-H, Fmoc-9-H), 4.33–4.42 (m, 2H, Fmoc-CH₂), 5.41–5.44 (m, 1H, 3″-NH), 5.59 (s, 1H, 1′-H), 5.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, 5-H), 7.29 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, Fmoc-3-H, Fmoc-6-H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, 6-H), 7.38 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, Fmoc-2-H, Fmoc-7-H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, Fmoc-4-H, Fmoc-5-H), 7.75 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, Fmoc-1-H, Fmoc-8-H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm] = −4.74 (SiCH₃), −4.67 (SiCH₃), −4.44 (SiCH₃), −4.02 (SiCH₃), 18.08 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 18.18 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 25.88 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 25.95 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 28.21 (OC(CH₃)₃), 29.90 (C-2″), 37.36 (C-5′), 39.30 (C-3″), 45.67 (C-1″), 47.38 (Fmoc-C-9), 60.03 (C-6′), 66.72 (Fmoc-CH₂), 74.87 (C-2′), 75.39 (C-3′), 81.08 (C-4′), 81.93 (OC(CH₃)₃), 92.41 (C-1′), 102.32 (C-5), 120.07 (Fmoc-C-1, Fmoc-C-8), 125.21 (Fmoc-C-4, Fmoc-C-5), 127.11 (Fmoc-C-3, Fmoc-C-6), 127.75 (Fmoc-C-2, Fmoc-C-7), 140.53 (C-6), 141.40 (Fmoc-C-1a, Fmoc-C-8a), 144.12 (Fmoc-C-4a, Fmoc-C-5a), 150.07 (C-2), 156.61 (urea-C=O), 163.22 (C-4), 173.96 (C-7′). HRMS (ESI): calcd. for C₄₅H₆₉N₄O₉Si₂: 865.4598 [M + H]⁺, found 865.4608. IR (ATR): ῦ = 2929, 2856, 1687, 1450, 1251, 1151, 836, 776, 739. UV (CHCl₃): λ_max = 266, 301. optical rotation: ${\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20}$ = +90.0 (c = 1.0, CHCl₃). TLC: R_f = 0.20 (19:1, CH₂Cl₂–MeOH).

N-Fmoc-protected aminoalkylated uridinyl amino acid (5): N-Fmoc-protected aminoalkylated uridinyl amino acid tert-butyl ester 4 (54.4 mg, 62.9 μmol) was dissolved in toluene (10 mL). Silica (409 mg) was added, the reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C and stirred at this temperature for 1 day. Then, the mixture was allowed to cool to rt and stirred at rt for further 2 days. The mixture was filtered, the silica was washed with a mixture of CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH (1:1), and the solvent of the combined filtrates was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resultant crude product was purified by preparative TLC (chromatotron, 9:1 → 4:1, CH₂Cl₂–MeOH) to give 5 as a yellowish solid (24.6 mg, 48%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm] = −0.13 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), −0.01 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.07 (s, 6H, SiCH₃), 0.81 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 0.89 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 1.78–1.94 (m, 2H, 2″-H), 2.03–2.33 (m, 2H, 5′-H), 3.02–4.53 (m, 11H, 1″-H, 3″-H, 6′-H, 2′-H, 3′-H, 4′-H, Fmoc-9-H, Fmoc-CH₂), 5.02–5.19 (m, 2H, 1′-H, 3″-NH), 5.55–5.71 (m, 1H, 5-H), 7.26–7.29 (m, 2H, Fmoc-3-H, Fmoc-6-H), 7.33–7.37 (m, 3H, 6-H, Fmoc-2-H, Fmoc-7-H), 7.51–7.62 (m, 2H, Fmoc-4-H, Fmoc-5-H), 7.72 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H, Fmoc-1-H, Fmoc-8-H). MS (ESI): m/z = 809.51 [M + H]⁺. HRMS (ESI): calcd. for C₄₁H₆₁N₄O₉Si₂: 809.3972 [M + H]⁺, found 809.3949. TLC: R_f = 0.18 (9:1, CH₂Cl₂–MeOH).

Protected uridine-derived diazepanone (6): N-Fmoc-protected aminoalkylated uridinyl amino acid tert-butyl ester 4 (63.1 mg, 49.8 μmol) was dissolved in toluene (8 mL). Silica (208 mg) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 1.5 days. Then, the mixture was allowed to cool to rt and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resultant crude product was purified by column chromatography (95:5 → 9:1 → 4:1, CH₂Cl₂–MeOH) to give 6 as a colorless oil (19.3 mg, 68%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ [ppm] = 0.04 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.09 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.13 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.16 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.89 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 0.94 (s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 1.57–1.66 (m, 1H, 2″-H_a), 1.71–1.77 (m, 2H, 2″-H_b, 5′-H_a), 2.32–2.37 (m, 1H, 5′-H_b), 2.90–2.95 (m, 1H, 1″-H_a), 3.23–3.27 (m, 2H, 1″-H_b, 3″-H_a), 3.35–3.42 (m, 1H, 3″-H_b), 3.55 (dd, J = 8.2, 5.3 Hz, 1H, 6′-H), 3.99 (dd, J = 4.4, 3.3 Hz, 1H, 3′-H), 4.13 (ddd, J = 10.6, 3.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H, 4′-H), 4.40 (dd, J = 5.9, 4.4 Hz, 1H, 2′-H), 5.77 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, 5-H), 5.84 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H, 1′-H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H, 6-H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CD₃OD): δ [ppm] = −4.64 (SiCH₃), −4.38 (SiCH₃), −4.35 (SiCH₃), −4.17 (SiCH₃), 18.87 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 18.97 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 26.34 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 26.42 (SiC(CH₃)₃), 31.43 (C-2″), 36.99 (C-5′), 41.99 (C-3″), 51.58 (C-1″), 58.68 (C-6′), 75.35 (C-2′), 77.09 (C-3′), 84.67 (C-4′), 91.31 (C-1′), 103.23 (C-5), 143.12 (C-6), 152.28 (C-2), 165.97 (C-4), 178.69 (C-7′). MS (ESI): m/z = 569.33 [M + H]⁺. HRMS (ESI): calcd. for C₂₆H₄₉N₄O₆Si₂: 569.3185 [M + H]⁺, found 569.3177. IR (ATR): ῦ = 2920, 2851, 1738, 1457, 1374, 1229, 1070, 797. UV (CHCl₃): λ_max = 224. TLC: R_f = 0.24 (9:1, CH₂Cl₂–MeOH).

Uridine-derived diazepanone (7): Protected uridine-derived diazepanone 6 (6.1 mg, 10.7 μmol) was dissolved in TFA (80% in water, 3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resultant crude product was purified by semipreparative HPLC to give 7 (TFA salt) as a colorless solid (2.0 mg containing ~30% of an unknown uracil-derived impurity; 100% yield: 4.9 mg). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O): δ [ppm] = 1.77–1.85 (m, 1H, 2″-H_a), 1.94–2.05 (m, 2H, 5′-H_a, 2″-H_b), 2.50–2.55 (m, 1H, 5′-H_b), 3.22–3.27 (m, 1H, 3″-H_a), 3.35–3.37 (m, 1H, 1″-H_a), 3.47–3.52 (m, 2H, 1″-H_b, 3″-H_b), 4.07–4.11 (m, 2H, 3′-H, 4′-H), 4.14–4.17 (m, 1H, 6′-H), 4.43 (dd, J = 5.0, 3.9 Hz, 1H, 2′-H), 5.71 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H, 1′-H), 5.76 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, unknown, probably 5-H), 5.86 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H, 5-H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H, unknown, probably 6-H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, 6-H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, D₂O): δ [ppm] = 26.70 (C-2″), 32.73 (C-5′), 39.77 (C-3″), 48.83 (C-1″), 56.78 (C-6′), 72.66 (C-2′), 73.15 (C-3′), 80.67 (C-4′), 91.97 (C-1′), 101.10 (unknown, probably C-5), 102.34 (C-5), 142.95 (C-6), 143.47 (unknown, probably C-6), 151.52 (C-2), 166.31 (C-4), 173.19 (C-7′). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, D₂O): −75.69 (TFA-CF₃). MS (ESI): m/z = 341.11 [M + H]⁺. HRMS (ESI): calcd. for C₁₄H₂₁N₄O₆: 341.1456 [M + H]⁺, found 341.1448. UV (H₂O): λ_max = 202, 260. HPLC: t_R = 8.4 min.

4.2. Overexpression of MraY from S. aureus

The overexpression of MraY was performed as described before [32,33,40].

4.3. Fluorescence-Based MraY Assay

The MraY assay was performed as described before [32,33,40]. Measured data are shown in the Supplementary Materials, Figure S1.