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Article

Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Five Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of the Aquilegia ecalcarata Complex

by
Yao Xiao
1,2,3,4,
Fang Liu
1,2,3,4,
Guixia Xu
1,2,* and
Xi He
1,2,*
1
State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
2
Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products Quality Regulation and Processing Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
4
Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(15), 6589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156589
Submission received: 13 May 2026 / Revised: 18 July 2026 / Accepted: 20 July 2026 / Published: 24 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

The Aquilegia ecalcarata (A. ecalcarata) complex is a valuable evolutionary model for studying parallel evolution, introgression, and incomplete lineage sorting. Deciphering this complexity requires evidence from multiple genomic compartments. While substantial nuclear and chloroplast resources exist, mitochondrial genome data, which capture the maternally inherited evolutionary history, have been absent for this group. Using long-read sequencing data, this study assembled and comprehensively characterized the mitochondrial genomes of five representative taxa within the A. ecalcarata complex. Comparative analyses reveal that the two spurless lineages, A. ecalcarata clade A and clade B, do not form a monophyletic group based on mitochondrial phylogeny. Instead, each clusters with a different spurred relative, consistent with the independent evolution of spur loss. This finding is further supported by collinearity patterns, gene content, and lineage-specific MTPT distributions. By providing the first mitochondrial genomic resource for this group, this study offers independent organellar evidence for the multiple origins of spurless phenotype in the A. ecalcarata complex.
Keywords: Aquilegia ecalcarata complex; mitochondrial genome; parallel evolution; spurless phenotype Aquilegia ecalcarata complex; mitochondrial genome; parallel evolution; spurless phenotype
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MDPI and ACS Style

Xiao, Y.; Liu, F.; Xu, G.; He, X. Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Five Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of the Aquilegia ecalcarata Complex. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156589

AMA Style

Xiao Y, Liu F, Xu G, He X. Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Five Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of the Aquilegia ecalcarata Complex. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(15):6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156589

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao, Yao, Fang Liu, Guixia Xu, and Xi He. 2026. "Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Five Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of the Aquilegia ecalcarata Complex" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 15: 6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156589

APA Style

Xiao, Y., Liu, F., Xu, G., & He, X. (2026). Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Five Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of the Aquilegia ecalcarata Complex. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(15), 6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156589

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