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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Pathway-Specific Effects of Oral Corticosteroids on Eosinophilic Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps

by
Kamil Radajewski
1,*,
Paweł Burduk
1,2,
Małgorzata Wierzchowska
1,2,
Paulina Antosik
3,
Jakub Jóźwicki
3,
Jakub Burduk
1 and
Dariusz Grzanka
3
1
Department of Otolaryngology, Laryngological Oncology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital No. 2, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
2
Department of Otolaryngology, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
3
Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104565
Submission received: 8 April 2026 / Revised: 1 May 2026 / Accepted: 9 May 2026 / Published: 19 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes and endotypes, necessitating personalized therapeutic strategies. Precision medicine approaches integrating molecular biomarkers may improve treatment selection and disease stratification. In this prospective controlled study, we investigated the tissue-level immunohistochemical effects of oral corticosteroids (OCSs) and topical steroids on the expression of periostin, eotaxin, interleukin-4 (IL-4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in nasal polyp tissue. Sixty-five patients eligible for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) were enrolled and divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 42) received topical steroids combined with oral prednisone (40 mg/day for 7 days preoperatively), whereas Group 2 (n = 23) received topical steroids alone. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in periostin and eotaxin expression in both epithelial and stromal compartments following OCS therapy, accompanied by increased TGF-β expression. No significant differences were observed in IL-4 or TNF-α expression. These findings indicate that short-term OCSs selectively modulate molecular pathways associated with eosinophilic inflammation and tissue remodeling in CRSwNP, supporting biomarker-driven precision medicine strategies.
Keywords: chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; oral corticosteroids; eosinophilic inflammation; tissue remodeling; periostin; eotaxin; transforming growth factor-β immunohistochemistry; molecular pathways; precision medicine chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; oral corticosteroids; eosinophilic inflammation; tissue remodeling; periostin; eotaxin; transforming growth factor-β immunohistochemistry; molecular pathways; precision medicine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Radajewski, K.; Burduk, P.; Wierzchowska, M.; Antosik, P.; Jóźwicki, J.; Burduk, J.; Grzanka, D. Pathway-Specific Effects of Oral Corticosteroids on Eosinophilic Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104565

AMA Style

Radajewski K, Burduk P, Wierzchowska M, Antosik P, Jóźwicki J, Burduk J, Grzanka D. Pathway-Specific Effects of Oral Corticosteroids on Eosinophilic Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(10):4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104565

Chicago/Turabian Style

Radajewski, Kamil, Paweł Burduk, Małgorzata Wierzchowska, Paulina Antosik, Jakub Jóźwicki, Jakub Burduk, and Dariusz Grzanka. 2026. "Pathway-Specific Effects of Oral Corticosteroids on Eosinophilic Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 10: 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104565

APA Style

Radajewski, K., Burduk, P., Wierzchowska, M., Antosik, P., Jóźwicki, J., Burduk, J., & Grzanka, D. (2026). Pathway-Specific Effects of Oral Corticosteroids on Eosinophilic Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(10), 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104565

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