Increased Expression of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Is an Indicator of Worse Prognosis of Oropharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinicopathological Analysis of SOD1 and SOD2 Expression Levels in OPC Tissues
2.2. Immunohistochemical Analysis of SOD1 and SOD2 Expression Levels in OPC Tissues
2.3. Association Between the Expression and Overall Survival (OS)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients
4.2. Immunohistochemistry
4.3. Evaluation of SOD1 and SOD2 Immunoreactivity
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HPV | human papillomavirus |
OPC | oropharyngeal cancer |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
OS | overall survival |
UICC | Union for International Cancer Control |
TNM | tumor–node–metastasis |
Cu/Zn-SOD | copper/zinc superoxide dismutase |
Mn-SOD | manganese superoxide dismutase |
HR | hazard ratio |
CI | confidence interval |
HK-2 | hexokinase 2 |
HOXA13 | homeobox A13 |
D-loop | displacement loop |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
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Characteristics | Total | SOD1-Positive | SOD1-Negative | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 72 | 66 | 6 | |
Sex | 0.837 | |||
Men | 62 | 57 | 5 | |
Women | 10 | 9 | 1 | |
Age | 0.431 | |||
Mean | 63.5 | 64.9 | 52.8 | |
Range | 33–89 | 43–89 | 33–74 | |
Medium | 64 | 65 | 54 | |
T categories | 1.000 | |||
T1–2 | 48 | 44 | 4 | |
T3–4 | 24 | 22 | 2 | |
N categories | 0.459 | |||
N0 | 26 | 23 | 3 | |
N1–3 | 46 | 43 | 3 | |
Stage | 0.560 | |||
1–2 | 44 | 41 | 3 | |
3–4 | 28 | 25 | 3 | |
Therapy | 0.882 | |||
Surgery | 46 | 42 | 4 | |
Chemoradiotherapy | 26 | 24 | 2 | |
HPV | 0.104 | |||
p16-positive | 46 | 44 | 2 | |
p16-negative | 26 | 22 | 4 | |
Smoking | 0.793 | |||
Yes | 57 | 52 | 5 | |
Never | 15 | 14 | 1 | |
Alcohol | 1.000 | |||
Yes | 60 | 55 | 5 | |
Never | 12 | 11 | 1 |
Characteristics | Total | SOD2-Positive | SOD2-Negative | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 72 | 47 | 25 | |
Sex | 0.274 | |||
Men | 62 | 42 | 20 | |
Women | 10 | 5 | 5 | |
Age | 0.976 | |||
Mean | 63.5 | 62.7 | 65.7 | |
Range | 33–89 | 33–89 | 53–81 | |
Medium | 64 | 63 | 66 | |
T categories | 0.161 | |||
T1–2 | 48 | 34 | 14 | |
T3–4 | 24 | 13 | 11 | |
N categories | 0.119 | |||
N0 | 26 | 20 | 6 | |
N1–3 | 46 | 27 | 19 | |
Stage | 0.516 | |||
1–2 | 44 | 30 | 14 | |
3–4 | 28 | 17 | 11 | |
Therapy | 0.002 | |||
Surgery | 46 | 36 | 10 | |
Chemoradiotherapy | 26 | 11 | 15 | |
HPV | 0.395 | |||
p16-positive | 46 | 36 | 10 | |
p16-negative | 26 | 18 | 8 | |
Smoking | 0.899 | |||
Yes | 57 | 37 | 20 | |
Never | 15 | 10 | 5 | |
Alcohol | 0.580 | |||
Yes | 60 | 40 | 20 | |
Never | 12 | 7 | 5 |
Univariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variates | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p |
Sex | 0.847 (0.091–7.894) | 0.884 | NI | |
Age (>60) | 1.576 (0.332–7.480) | 0.567 | NI | |
Subsite (tonsil vs. other subsites) | 0.382 (0.103–1.412) | 0.149 | NI | |
T stage (T1, 2 vs. T3, 4) | 1.036 (0.663–1.617) | 0.877 | NI | |
N stage (N0 vs. N1,2,3) | 0.819 (0.221–3.039) | 0.765 | NI | |
Stage (I/II vs. III/IV) | 1.669 (1.032–2.699) | 0.037 | 1.826 (1.298–2.569) | <0.001 |
Surgery or Chemoradiotherapy | 2.081 (0.476–9.094) | 0.330 | NI | |
p16-positive/negative | 0.943 (0.278–3.201) | 0.925 | NI | |
SOD1-positive/negative | 0.908 (0.142–5.802) | 0.918 | NI | |
SOD2-positive/negative | 8.422 (1.236–57.832) | 0.030 | 3.915 (1.210–15.699) | 0.024 |
Smoking | 1.644 (0.327–8.269) | 0.546 | NI | |
Alcohol | 0.253 (0.043–1.490) | 0.129 | NI |
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Aoki, Y.; Kondo, S.; Kobayashi, E.; Moriyama-Kita, M.; Dochi, H.; Komura, S.; Nakanishi, Y.; Endo, K.; Wakisaka, N.; Yoshizaki, T. Increased Expression of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Is an Indicator of Worse Prognosis of Oropharyngeal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073223
Aoki Y, Kondo S, Kobayashi E, Moriyama-Kita M, Dochi H, Komura S, Nakanishi Y, Endo K, Wakisaka N, Yoshizaki T. Increased Expression of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Is an Indicator of Worse Prognosis of Oropharyngeal Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(7):3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073223
Chicago/Turabian StyleAoki, Yoshitaka, Satoru Kondo, Eiji Kobayashi, Makiko Moriyama-Kita, Hirotomo Dochi, Shigetaka Komura, Yosuke Nakanishi, Kazuhira Endo, Naohiro Wakisaka, and Tomokazu Yoshizaki. 2025. "Increased Expression of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Is an Indicator of Worse Prognosis of Oropharyngeal Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 7: 3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073223
APA StyleAoki, Y., Kondo, S., Kobayashi, E., Moriyama-Kita, M., Dochi, H., Komura, S., Nakanishi, Y., Endo, K., Wakisaka, N., & Yoshizaki, T. (2025). Increased Expression of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Is an Indicator of Worse Prognosis of Oropharyngeal Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(7), 3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073223