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Volume 26
Issue 24
10.3390/ijms262411826
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Review

Emerging Frontiers in Neuro-Oncology: Insights into Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Tumor Mechanisms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies

by
Tommaso Colangelo
1,2,†,
Anna Alessia Saponaro
1,2,†,
Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
3,
Gaetano Serviddio
1,4,* and
Rosanna Villani
1,4
1
C.R.E.A.T.E.—Center for Research and Innovation in Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
2
Unit of Cancer Cell Signalling, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
3
Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
4
Internal Medicine and Liver Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411826 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 7 November 2025 / Revised: 28 November 2025 / Accepted: 3 December 2025 / Published: 7 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapy for Central Nervous System Diseases)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Brain tumors encompass a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, including primary and secondary metastatic lesions, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) representing the most aggressive primary malignancy. Despite advancements in surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis for GBM remains poor due to its infiltrative nature, tumor heterogeneity and resistance mechanisms. Emerging diagnostic tools, such as liquid biopsies, and therapeutic strategies leveraging extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reshaping the field of neuro-oncology. EVs, lipid bilayer-enclosed particles secreted by cells, carry oncogenic cargo such as microRNAs and molecular chaperones, influencing tumor progression, immune evasion, and therapy resistance. Recent research highlights their potential as biomarkers for early diagnosis and vehicles for targeted drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). EV-based nanotherapeutics show promise in improving treatment precision, reducing systemic toxicity, and advancing precision medicine in brain tumor management. However, challenges related to EV heterogeneity, cargo-loading efficiency, and large-scale production must be addressed to fully realize their therapeutic potential. This review explores the multifaceted roles of EVs in brain tumors, emphasizing their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications.
Keywords: extracellular vesicles (EVs); glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); microRNA; therapeutic vehicles; tumor aggressiveness extracellular vesicles (EVs); glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); microRNA; therapeutic vehicles; tumor aggressiveness

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Colangelo, T.; Saponaro, A.A.; Mazzoccoli, G.; Serviddio, G.; Villani, R. Emerging Frontiers in Neuro-Oncology: Insights into Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Tumor Mechanisms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 11826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411826

AMA Style

Colangelo T, Saponaro AA, Mazzoccoli G, Serviddio G, Villani R. Emerging Frontiers in Neuro-Oncology: Insights into Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Tumor Mechanisms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(24):11826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411826

Chicago/Turabian Style

Colangelo, Tommaso, Anna Alessia Saponaro, Gianluigi Mazzoccoli, Gaetano Serviddio, and Rosanna Villani. 2025. "Emerging Frontiers in Neuro-Oncology: Insights into Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Tumor Mechanisms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 24: 11826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411826

APA Style

Colangelo, T., Saponaro, A. A., Mazzoccoli, G., Serviddio, G., & Villani, R. (2025). Emerging Frontiers in Neuro-Oncology: Insights into Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Tumor Mechanisms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(24), 11826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411826

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