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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Genotype-Specific Responses to Drought During Seed Production in Carrot: Biochemical, Physiological, and Seed Quality Evaluation

by
Barbara Jagosz
1,*,
Małgorzata Czernicka
1,*,
Iwona Kamińska
2,
Emilia Wilmowicz
3,
Agata Kućko
4,
Sylwester Smoleń
1,
Małgorzata Kapusta
5,
Joanna Kocięcka
6,
Stanisław Rolbiecki
7,
Roman Rolbiecki
7 and
Leszek Róg
8
1
Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
2
Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
3
Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
4
Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
5
Bioimaging Laboratory, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
6
Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
7
Department of Biogeochemistry, Soil Science, Irrigation and Drainage, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardynska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
8
PlantiCo Zielonki Sp. z o.o., Zielonki Parcela, Parkowa 1A, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10642; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110642 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 September 2025 / Revised: 29 October 2025 / Accepted: 29 October 2025 / Published: 31 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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Abstract

Drought stress during the reproductive phase substantially reduces seed yield and quality, posing a major challenge to sustainable crop production under climate change. This study investigated the effects of drought stress at the flowering stage on selected biochemical and physiological parameters in 18 carrot accessions. To describe the long-term consequences of drought comprehensively, we examined seed quality parameters. Our analyses revealed that stress responses are highly dependent on the genotype and the parameter examined. Regarding antioxidant responses and potential tissue damage caused by drought, ‘Dolanka’, DC97, DC265, DC359, DC522, DC701, DC704, and DC720 exhibited the highest tolerance. The photosynthetic apparatus and pigments were maintained under stress in DC233, DC522, DC717, and DC728. Germination parameters served as reliable indicators of stress tolerance in DC97, DC359, DC432, DC522, DC701, and DC722 accessions. Based on these findings and detailed discussion of the results, we conclude that tolerance/sensitivity assessment of carrot genotypes should consider the holistic response of the plant rather than individual parameters. Through overall assessment, we recommended DC522 accession as the most drought-tolerant, given its enhanced ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) scavenging mechanisms, increased chloroplast pigments accumulation, and superior germination parameters under drought conditions. Conversely, DC295 should not be cultivated under water-deficient conditions due to its impaired ability to detoxify ROS, altered photosynthetic activity, and disrupted seed germination under such conditions. These results collectively highlight the potential for selecting drought-tolerant carrot genotypes in breeding programs targeting improved seed performance under water-limited conditions, thereby supporting the development of resilient cultivars adapted to future climate challenges.
Keywords: carotenoids; catalase; chlorophylls; Daucus carota L.; glutathione reductase; guaiacol peroxidase; hydrogen peroxide; MDA; proline carotenoids; catalase; chlorophylls; Daucus carota L.; glutathione reductase; guaiacol peroxidase; hydrogen peroxide; MDA; proline
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MDPI and ACS Style

Jagosz, B.; Czernicka, M.; Kamińska, I.; Wilmowicz, E.; Kućko, A.; Smoleń, S.; Kapusta, M.; Kocięcka, J.; Rolbiecki, S.; Rolbiecki, R.; et al. Genotype-Specific Responses to Drought During Seed Production in Carrot: Biochemical, Physiological, and Seed Quality Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 10642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110642

AMA Style

Jagosz B, Czernicka M, Kamińska I, Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Smoleń S, Kapusta M, Kocięcka J, Rolbiecki S, Rolbiecki R, et al. Genotype-Specific Responses to Drought During Seed Production in Carrot: Biochemical, Physiological, and Seed Quality Evaluation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(21):10642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110642

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jagosz, Barbara, Małgorzata Czernicka, Iwona Kamińska, Emilia Wilmowicz, Agata Kućko, Sylwester Smoleń, Małgorzata Kapusta, Joanna Kocięcka, Stanisław Rolbiecki, Roman Rolbiecki, and et al. 2025. "Genotype-Specific Responses to Drought During Seed Production in Carrot: Biochemical, Physiological, and Seed Quality Evaluation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 21: 10642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110642

APA Style

Jagosz, B., Czernicka, M., Kamińska, I., Wilmowicz, E., Kućko, A., Smoleń, S., Kapusta, M., Kocięcka, J., Rolbiecki, S., Rolbiecki, R., & Róg, L. (2025). Genotype-Specific Responses to Drought During Seed Production in Carrot: Biochemical, Physiological, and Seed Quality Evaluation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(21), 10642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110642

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