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Volume 26
Issue 19
10.3390/ijms26199822
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Review

Brain–Bone Axis in Physiological and Pathological Conditions

by
Luca Massaccesi
1,2,*,
Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
1,3 and
Emanuela Galliera
1,2
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
2
IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio, 20157 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199822 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 18 May 2025 / Revised: 6 October 2025 / Accepted: 7 October 2025 / Published: 9 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Metabolism and Biomarkers in Neural and Cardiometabolic Health)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The brain–bone axis has garnered increasing attention over the years, leading to numerous studies that have unraveled the intricate bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal metabolism. This review explores this profound relationship, examining the complex mechanisms that regulate it, the key players involved, and the clinical implications of its dysfunction in various pathological situations affecting the CNS and skeletal system. Ultimately, it emphasizes the potential of ongoing research to develop diagnostic tools, therapeutic interventions, and preventive strategies aimed at enhancing skeletal and neurological health.
Keywords: brain–bone axis; regulatory mechanisms; neurotransmitters; hormones; Alzheimer’s disease (AD); Parkinson’s disease (PD) brain–bone axis; regulatory mechanisms; neurotransmitters; hormones; Alzheimer’s disease (AD); Parkinson’s disease (PD)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Massaccesi, L.; Corsi Romanelli, M.M.; Galliera, E. Brain–Bone Axis in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 9822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199822

AMA Style

Massaccesi L, Corsi Romanelli MM, Galliera E. Brain–Bone Axis in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(19):9822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199822

Chicago/Turabian Style

Massaccesi, Luca, Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli, and Emanuela Galliera. 2025. "Brain–Bone Axis in Physiological and Pathological Conditions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 19: 9822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199822

APA Style

Massaccesi, L., Corsi Romanelli, M. M., & Galliera, E. (2025). Brain–Bone Axis in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(19), 9822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199822

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