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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms26178279
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Bisphenol A and Its Analogue Bisphenol S Inhibit Cholinergic Neurotransmission at the Tripartite Colonic Myenteric Synapse of CD1 Mice by Targeting Interstitial Cells of Cajal

by
Krystyna Makowska
1,*,
Cátia Vieira
2,
Isabel Silva
2,
Yoce Aprianto
2,
Diogo Silva
2,
Catarina Bessa-Andrês
2,
Ana Lopes
2,
Sławomir Gonkowski
3,* and
Paulo Correia-de-Sá
2
1
Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
2
Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP) and RISE-Health: Health Research Network, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
3
Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178279
Submission received: 18 July 2025 / Revised: 20 August 2025 / Accepted: 22 August 2025 / Published: 26 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Toxicity of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are frequently used in the plastic industry. Despite significant alimentary exposure, their effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain largely unknown. Cholinergic and/or purinergic neurotransmission facilitates GI tract motility and secretion, indirectly controlling the absorption and toxicity of xenobiotics. Hence, this study examined the neurochemical effects of BPA and BPS in the tripartite cholinergic myenteric synapse of CD1 mice colon. Short time exposure to both bisphenols showed a partial loss of VAChT-positive neurons and Ano-1-positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), without affecting the amount of glial cells labelled with S100β. Both bisphenols reduced the spontaneous myographic activity and the release of [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) and adenosine from stimulated myenteric neurons and pacemaker ICCs, respectively, without affecting the outflow of ATP. Overall data suggest that both bisphenols inhibit the cholinergic neurotransmission of CD1 mice colon by affecting the amount and/or function of ICCs at the tripartite myenteric synapse.
Keywords: bisphenol; mice; enteric nervous system; colon; myenteric synapse bisphenol; mice; enteric nervous system; colon; myenteric synapse

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MDPI and ACS Style

Makowska, K.; Vieira, C.; Silva, I.; Aprianto, Y.; Silva, D.; Bessa-Andrês, C.; Lopes, A.; Gonkowski, S.; Correia-de-Sá, P. Bisphenol A and Its Analogue Bisphenol S Inhibit Cholinergic Neurotransmission at the Tripartite Colonic Myenteric Synapse of CD1 Mice by Targeting Interstitial Cells of Cajal. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 8279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178279

AMA Style

Makowska K, Vieira C, Silva I, Aprianto Y, Silva D, Bessa-Andrês C, Lopes A, Gonkowski S, Correia-de-Sá P. Bisphenol A and Its Analogue Bisphenol S Inhibit Cholinergic Neurotransmission at the Tripartite Colonic Myenteric Synapse of CD1 Mice by Targeting Interstitial Cells of Cajal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(17):8279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178279

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makowska, Krystyna, Cátia Vieira, Isabel Silva, Yoce Aprianto, Diogo Silva, Catarina Bessa-Andrês, Ana Lopes, Sławomir Gonkowski, and Paulo Correia-de-Sá. 2025. "Bisphenol A and Its Analogue Bisphenol S Inhibit Cholinergic Neurotransmission at the Tripartite Colonic Myenteric Synapse of CD1 Mice by Targeting Interstitial Cells of Cajal" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 17: 8279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178279

APA Style

Makowska, K., Vieira, C., Silva, I., Aprianto, Y., Silva, D., Bessa-Andrês, C., Lopes, A., Gonkowski, S., & Correia-de-Sá, P. (2025). Bisphenol A and Its Analogue Bisphenol S Inhibit Cholinergic Neurotransmission at the Tripartite Colonic Myenteric Synapse of CD1 Mice by Targeting Interstitial Cells of Cajal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(17), 8279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178279

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