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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms26167685
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Review

The Relationship Between Microbiota, Nutrition, and Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature

by
Francesca Gori
1,†,
Laura Tomaino
2,†,
Carlo La Vecchia
3,
Simona Servida
4 and
Luisella Vigna
4,*
1
Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
2
Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy
3
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
4
Occupational Health Unit, Center of Obesity, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167685
Submission received: 29 May 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 6 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is frequent in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Recent studies have highlighted a possible association between GI symptoms, gut microbiota (GM), and nutrition. In this systematic review, the evidence supporting these relationships was evaluated. Articles selected from the MEDLINE database and published between 2010 and 2025 were included. Keywords used in the sources included “systemic sclerosis”, “gut microbiota”, “malnutrition”, and “gastrointestinal symptoms”. Forty-nine articles were selected, for a total of 6270 SSc patients. The evidence suggests a complex relationship between SSc, GI symptoms, and GM dysbiosis. Both are manifestations of the disease, and in turn they influence its severity. Digestive tract fibrosis and dysbiosis alter nutrient absorption, which can lead to malnutrition. However, data considering these complex relationships between the GI tract, microbiome, and nutritional status are few and very heterogeneous. Further studies are needed to investigate these complex interwinings and identify nutritional interventions able to reduce GI dysfunction and simultaneously counteract malnutrition.
Keywords: systemic sclerosis; scleroderma; gastrointestinal involvement; nutrition; gut microbiota; diet; malnutrition systemic sclerosis; scleroderma; gastrointestinal involvement; nutrition; gut microbiota; diet; malnutrition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gori, F.; Tomaino, L.; La Vecchia, C.; Servida, S.; Vigna, L. The Relationship Between Microbiota, Nutrition, and Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167685

AMA Style

Gori F, Tomaino L, La Vecchia C, Servida S, Vigna L. The Relationship Between Microbiota, Nutrition, and Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(16):7685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167685

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gori, Francesca, Laura Tomaino, Carlo La Vecchia, Simona Servida, and Luisella Vigna. 2025. "The Relationship Between Microbiota, Nutrition, and Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 16: 7685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167685

APA Style

Gori, F., Tomaino, L., La Vecchia, C., Servida, S., & Vigna, L. (2025). The Relationship Between Microbiota, Nutrition, and Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(16), 7685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167685

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