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Article

Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients

by
Safa Taha
1,*,
Khaled Bindayna
2,
Muna Aljishi
1,
Ameera Sultan
1 and
Nourah Almansour
3
1
Princess Al Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
2
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
3
Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146647
Submission received: 5 April 2025 / Revised: 4 May 2025 / Accepted: 13 May 2025 / Published: 11 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Sepsis)
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Abstract

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by dysregulated immune responses to infection. To elucidate early transcriptional changes in sepsis, we conducted a case–control study profiling gene expression in whole blood from 20 early-stage sepsis patients and 9 healthy controls. Using Affymetrix Clariom D Human Arrays and robust preprocessing, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using standard bioinformatic pipelines. A total of 344 genes were significantly upregulated, while 9703 were significantly downregulated in sepsis patients (|log2FC| > 1, adjusted p < 0.05). Pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology analysis revealed activation of innate immune pathways, neutrophil degranulation, and cytokine signaling, alongside suppression of lymphocyte differentiation and antigen presentation. These results suggest a shift toward an innately driven inflammatory state in early sepsis. Our findings provide transcriptomic insights that may support the development of early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Keywords: sepsis; transcriptomics; differential gene expression; innate immunity; microarray; early diagnosis sepsis; transcriptomics; differential gene expression; innate immunity; microarray; early diagnosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Taha, S.; Bindayna, K.; Aljishi, M.; Sultan, A.; Almansour, N. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 6647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146647

AMA Style

Taha S, Bindayna K, Aljishi M, Sultan A, Almansour N. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(14):6647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146647

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taha, Safa, Khaled Bindayna, Muna Aljishi, Ameera Sultan, and Nourah Almansour. 2025. "Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 14: 6647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146647

APA Style

Taha, S., Bindayna, K., Aljishi, M., Sultan, A., & Almansour, N. (2025). Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(14), 6647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146647

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