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Review

Phase Separation: Orchestrating Biological Adaptations to Environmental Fluctuations

by
Wenxiu Wang
1,2,
Fangbing Han
3,
Zhi Qi
2,
Chunxia Yan
2,
Bodan Su
1,* and
Jin Wang
1,*
1
National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2
Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
3
College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4614; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104614
Submission received: 24 March 2025 / Revised: 23 April 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 12 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)
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Abstract

Organisms have evolved various protective mechanisms to survive in complex and dynamic environments. Phase separation is a ubiquitous mechanism in plants, animals, and microorganisms. It facilitates the aggregation of biomolecules through weak interactions, forming membrane-less organelles that help organisms respond effectively to stress signals. These biomolecular condensates include DNA, RNA, and proteins. Proteins are categorized into scaffold and client proteins, whose coordinated actions ensure the compartmentalization of cellular signals, thereby regulating various biological processes. Studies indicate that, in response to stress, phase separation modulates gene expression, signal transduction, cytoskeleton dynamics, and protein homeostasis, ensuring the precise spatiotemporal control of cellular functions. These insights underscore the crucial role of phase separation in maintaining cellular integrity and adaptability.
Keywords: phase separation; biomolecular condensates; weak interactions; stress resistance; environmental adaptability phase separation; biomolecular condensates; weak interactions; stress resistance; environmental adaptability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, W.; Han, F.; Qi, Z.; Yan, C.; Su, B.; Wang, J. Phase Separation: Orchestrating Biological Adaptations to Environmental Fluctuations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104614

AMA Style

Wang W, Han F, Qi Z, Yan C, Su B, Wang J. Phase Separation: Orchestrating Biological Adaptations to Environmental Fluctuations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(10):4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104614

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Wenxiu, Fangbing Han, Zhi Qi, Chunxia Yan, Bodan Su, and Jin Wang. 2025. "Phase Separation: Orchestrating Biological Adaptations to Environmental Fluctuations" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 10: 4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104614

APA Style

Wang, W., Han, F., Qi, Z., Yan, C., Su, B., & Wang, J. (2025). Phase Separation: Orchestrating Biological Adaptations to Environmental Fluctuations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(10), 4614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104614

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