Thymol Impacts the Progression of Endometriosis by Disrupting Estrogen Signaling Pathways and Inflammatory Responses
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Thymol Impedes Endometriotic Lesion Growth by Affecting Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
2.2. Thymol Mitigates the Inflammatory Reaction in Endometriotic Lesions
2.3. Thymol Rebalances Estrogen–Progestogen Signaling in Ectopic Tissue
2.4. Thymol Acts as an Antagonist of Estrogen
2.5. Thymol Affects Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling in Eutopic Endometrium Without Impacting the Establishment of Pregnancy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal and Ethics Approval
4.2. Establishment of Murine Endometriotic Model
4.3. Induction of Pregnancy and Treatment with Thymol
4.4. Histological Staining
4.5. Cell Culture and Treatments
4.6. Cell Viability Assay
4.7. qPCR Assay
4.8. Molecular Docking
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MCs | Mesothelial cells |
EDCs | Endocrine-disrupting chemicals |
ESR1 | Estrogen receptor 1 |
PGR | Progesterone receptor |
BPA | Bisphenol A |
MUC1 | Recombinant Mucin 1 |
NSAIDs | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
DES | Diethylstilbestrol |
IFN-γ | Interferon-γ |
TNF-α | Tumor Necrosis Factor-α |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
Ptgs2 | Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 |
COX2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
CTRL | Control group |
Ihh | Indian hedgehog |
HAND2 | Heart and neural crest derivatives-expressed transcript 2 |
HOXA10 | Homeobox gene A10 |
AREG | Amphiregulin |
MUC | Mucin |
LFT | Lactotransferrin |
F4/80 | Mouse EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 |
Ly6G | Lymphocyte antigen 6complex, locus g |
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Zhang, Y.; Shaukat, A.; Zhang, H.; Yang, Y.-F.; Li, H.-X.; Li, G.-Y.; Liu, Y.-N.; Liang, C.; Kang, J.-W.; Li, S.-C.; et al. Thymol Impacts the Progression of Endometriosis by Disrupting Estrogen Signaling Pathways and Inflammatory Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 13150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313150
Zhang Y, Shaukat A, Zhang H, Yang Y-F, Li H-X, Li G-Y, Liu Y-N, Liang C, Kang J-W, Li S-C, et al. Thymol Impacts the Progression of Endometriosis by Disrupting Estrogen Signaling Pathways and Inflammatory Responses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(23):13150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313150
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yu, Aftab Shaukat, Han Zhang, Yao-Feng Yang, Hui-Xia Li, Guang-Ya Li, Ying-Nan Liu, Chen Liang, Jin-Wen Kang, Shao-Chuan Li, and et al. 2024. "Thymol Impacts the Progression of Endometriosis by Disrupting Estrogen Signaling Pathways and Inflammatory Responses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 23: 13150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313150
APA StyleZhang, Y., Shaukat, A., Zhang, H., Yang, Y.-F., Li, H.-X., Li, G.-Y., Liu, Y.-N., Liang, C., Kang, J.-W., Li, S.-C., & Su, R.-W. (2024). Thymol Impacts the Progression of Endometriosis by Disrupting Estrogen Signaling Pathways and Inflammatory Responses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(23), 13150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313150