Microbial Dynamics and Pathogen Control During Fermentation of Distiller Grains: Effects of Fermentation Time on Feed Safety
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characteristics of Bacterial Community Changes During Distiller Grain Fermentation
2.2. Characteristics of Changes in Bacterial Community Composition During Distiller Grain Fermentation
2.3. Prediction of Pathogenic Risk During Distiller Grain Fermentation
2.4. Changes in Metabolites During the Distiller Grain Fermentation Process
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Fermentation Material and Sample Collection
3.2. Microbiological Analysis
3.3. Metabolomic Analysis
3.4. Bacterial Phenotype Prediction Analyses
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Community Richness | Community Diversity | Goods Coverage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao1 | Observed Species | Shannon | Simpson | ||
SJZ | 3075.70 | 1572.40 | 8.59 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
SJZ9 | 2167.61 | 1384.45 | 4.32 | 0.81 | 0.99 |
SJZ30 | 1823.92 | 1247.37 | 4.77 | 0.88 | 0.99 |
SJZ60 | 2320.42 | 1354.13 | 5.32 | 0.82 | 0.99 |
Metabolites | SJZ9 vs. SJZ | SJZ30 VSS JZ | SJZ60 vs. SJZ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIP | log2(FC) | p-Value | Trend | VIP | log2(FC) | p-Value | Trend | VIP | log2(FC) | p-Value | Trend | |
Tyramine | 1.05 | −1.61 | <0.001 | Downregulated | 1.02 | −1.4 | <0.001 | Downregulated | 1.09 | −1.66 | <0.001 | Downregulated |
Dopamine | 1.06 | −1.68 | <0.001 | Downregulated | 1.08 | −1.7 | <0.001 | Downregulated | 1.07 | −1.58 | <0.001 | Downregulated |
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid | 1.17 | 1.47 | <0.001 | Upregulated | 0.99 | 1.19 | <0.001 | Upregulated | 1.15 | 1.4 | <0.001 | Upregulated |
Clupanodonic acid | 1.41 | 7.91 | <0.001 | Upregulated | 1.44 | 7.99 | <0.001 | Upregulated | 1.14 | 7.34 | <0.001 | Upregulated |
Arachidic acid | 1.01 | 0.71 | 0.027 | Upregulated | 1.51 | 0.99 | <0.001 | Upregulated | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.452 | - |
Gamma-Linolenic acid | 2.24 | 0.97 | 0.031 | Upregulated | 2.02 | 0.64 | <0.001 | Upregulated | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.347 | - |
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Zhu, M.; Xu, D.; Liao, C.; Zhang, T.; Zhou, B.; Wang, K.; Li, P.; Cheng, Z.; Chen, C. Microbial Dynamics and Pathogen Control During Fermentation of Distiller Grains: Effects of Fermentation Time on Feed Safety. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111463
Zhu M, Xu D, Liao C, Zhang T, Zhou B, Wang K, Li P, Cheng Z, Chen C. Microbial Dynamics and Pathogen Control During Fermentation of Distiller Grains: Effects of Fermentation Time on Feed Safety. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(21):11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111463
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Mingming, Duhan Xu, Chaosheng Liao, Tiantian Zhang, Bijun Zhou, Kaigong Wang, Ping Li, Zhentao Cheng, and Chao Chen. 2024. "Microbial Dynamics and Pathogen Control During Fermentation of Distiller Grains: Effects of Fermentation Time on Feed Safety" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 21: 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111463
APA StyleZhu, M., Xu, D., Liao, C., Zhang, T., Zhou, B., Wang, K., Li, P., Cheng, Z., & Chen, C. (2024). Microbial Dynamics and Pathogen Control During Fermentation of Distiller Grains: Effects of Fermentation Time on Feed Safety. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(21), 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111463