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Review

Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: The Novel and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer

by
Daniel J. García-Domínguez
1,2,†,
Soledad López-Enríquez
1,†,
Gonzalo Alba
1,
Carmen Garnacho
3,
Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
1,
Rocío Flores-Campos
1,4,
Luis de la Cruz-Merino
2,4,5,
Nabil Hajji
1,6,
Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
1,2,7,*,‡ and
Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto
1,2,4,7,*,‡
1
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
2
Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
3
Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
4
Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
5
Department of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
6
Cancer Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
7
Clinical Biochemistry Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work as the first authors.
‡
These authors contributed equally to this work as senior authors.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021195
Submission received: 28 December 2023 / Revised: 12 January 2024 / Accepted: 16 January 2024 / Published: 18 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)
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Abstract

Cancer is a complex disease that, despite advances in treatment and the greater understanding of the tumor biology until today, continues to be a prevalent and lethal disease. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are the conventional treatments, which have increased the survival for cancer patients. However, the complexity of this disease together with the persistent problems due to tumor progression and recurrence, drug resistance, or side effects of therapy make it necessary to explore new strategies that address the challenges to obtain a positive response. One important point is that tumor cells can interact with the microenvironment, promoting proliferation, dissemination, and immune evasion. Therefore, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel therapy based on the modulation of the immune system for combating cancer, as reflected in the promising results both in preclinical studies and clinical trials obtained. In order to enhance the immune response, the combination of immunotherapy with nanoparticles has been conducted, improving the access of immune cells to the tumor, antigen presentation, as well as the induction of persistent immune responses. Therefore, nanomedicine holds an enormous potential to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the most recent advances in specific molecular and cellular immunotherapy and in nano-immunotherapy against cancer in the light of the latest published preclinical studies and clinical trials.
Keywords: cancer; immunotherapy; nanomedicine; clinical trials cancer; immunotherapy; nanomedicine; clinical trials

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

García-Domínguez, D.J.; López-Enríquez, S.; Alba, G.; Garnacho, C.; Jiménez-Cortegana, C.; Flores-Campos, R.; de la Cruz-Merino, L.; Hajji, N.; Sánchez-Margalet, V.; Hontecillas-Prieto, L. Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: The Novel and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021195

AMA Style

García-Domínguez DJ, López-Enríquez S, Alba G, Garnacho C, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Flores-Campos R, de la Cruz-Merino L, Hajji N, Sánchez-Margalet V, Hontecillas-Prieto L. Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: The Novel and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(2):1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021195

Chicago/Turabian Style

García-Domínguez, Daniel J., Soledad López-Enríquez, Gonzalo Alba, Carmen Garnacho, Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana, Rocío Flores-Campos, Luis de la Cruz-Merino, Nabil Hajji, Víctor Sánchez-Margalet, and Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto. 2024. "Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: The Novel and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2: 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021195

APA Style

García-Domínguez, D. J., López-Enríquez, S., Alba, G., Garnacho, C., Jiménez-Cortegana, C., Flores-Campos, R., de la Cruz-Merino, L., Hajji, N., Sánchez-Margalet, V., & Hontecillas-Prieto, L. (2024). Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: The Novel and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(2), 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021195

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