The Mechanisms of Altered Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in CD19 CAR T–Cell Recipients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Blood–Brain Barrier
3. The Role of Cytokines in the Breakdown of the Blood–Brain Barrier
3.1. Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
3.2. Interferon-γ
3.3. Interleukin-1β
3.4. Interleukin-6
3.5. Interleukin-10
3.6. Interleukin-15
3.7. Angiopoeitin-2
4. Clinical and Imaging Features of ICANS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neurotoxicity Domain | Immune Effector Cell–Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome Grades | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
ICE * score | 7–9 | 3–6 | 0–2 | 0 |
CAPD † score | 1–8 | 1–8 | ≥9 | Unable to assess |
Level of consciousness | Awakens spontaneously | Awakens to voice | Awakens to tactile stimulus | Stupor or coma |
Motor weakness | None | None | None | Hemiparesis/paraparesis |
Seizure | None | None | Any seizure that resolves rapidly or nonconvulsive seizure that resolves with intervention | Prolonged or life-threatening seizure lasting > 5 min, or repetitive seizures without return to baseline |
Intracranial hypertension/cerebral edema | None | None | Focal/local edema on neuroimaging | Decerebrate/decorticate posturing, cranial nerve VI palsy, papilledema, Cushing’s triad, diffuse cerebral edema on imaging. |
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Pinto, S.N.; Krenciute, G. The Mechanisms of Altered Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in CD19 CAR T–Cell Recipients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010644
Pinto SN, Krenciute G. The Mechanisms of Altered Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in CD19 CAR T–Cell Recipients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(1):644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010644
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Soniya N., and Giedre Krenciute. 2024. "The Mechanisms of Altered Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in CD19 CAR T–Cell Recipients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1: 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010644