Transcriptome, Biochemical and Phenotypic Analysis of the Effects of a Precision Engineered Biostimulant for Inducing Salinity Stress Tolerance in Tomato
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Salinity and PSI-475 Rate on Tomato Phenotypic and Fruit Yield Parameters
2.2. Effect of Salinity and PSI-475 on Tomato Leaf RWC
2.3. Effect of Salinity and PSI-475 on Sodium and Potassium Content in Different Tomato Tissues
2.4. Effect of Salinity and PSI-475 on Proline and Soluble Sugars Content in Different Tomato Tissues
2.5. Effect of Salinity and PSI-475 on Tomato Soluble Protein and Photosynthetic Pigments
2.6. RNA Sample Characterisation, RNA Sequencing and Mapping
2.7. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in Young Leaf and Root Tomato Tissues
2.8. Functional Classification of Gene Expression Patterns
2.9. Modulation of Genes Related to Metabolic Pathways
2.10. Validation of RNA-Seq Data Using RT-qPCR
3. Discussion
3.1. Impact of PSI-475 on Phenotypic and Yield Related Markers (Dose)
3.2. Effect of PSI-475 and Salinity Stress on Ion Homeostasis Metabolic Pathways
3.3. Effect of PSI-475 and Salinity Stress on Osmotic Adjustment Metabolic Pathways
3.4. Effect of PSI-475 and Salinity Stress on Photosynthetic and N Metabolic Pathways
3.5. Effect of PSI-475 and Salinity Stress on Other Stress Response Related Pathways
3.6. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Salinity Stress Tolerance Experimental Design in Tomato
4.3. Phenotypic Evaluation of Tomato Plants and Fruit Yield Assessment
4.4. Tomato Leaf RWC
4.5. Biochemical Characterisation of the Collected Plant Tissues
4.6. RNA Extraction
4.7. RNA-Seq Analysis
4.8. Validation of RNA-Seq Analysis by qRT-PCR
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variance | Plant Biomass (g) | Root Biomass (mg) | Fruit Number | Yield (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (S) | ||||
Unstressed | 18.02 b | 127.88 b | 9.07 b | 12.86 b |
Salinity stressed | 13.81 a | 108.71 a | 7.89 a | 9.47 b |
PSI-475 (P) | ||||
Untreated | 15.05 a | 74.57 a | 7.31 a | 8.45 a |
PSI-475 2.5 mL/L | 17.00 b | 146.59 b | 9.69 b | 12.47 b |
PSI-475 6.25 mL/L | 16.96 b | 136.50 b | 8.57 b | 12.35 b |
PSI-475 12.5 mL/L | 14.64 ab | 115.52 b | 8.36 ab | 11.43 ab |
S × P | ||||
Unstressed × Untreated | 17.52 | 76.02 | 8.00 | 9.47 |
Unstressed × PSI-475 2.5 | 19.63 | 171.92 | 10.24 | 13.91 |
Unstressed × PSI-475 6.25 | 18.26 | 143.59 | 8.57 | 14.67 |
Unstressed × PSI-475 12.5 | 16.66 | 119.99 | 9.48 | 13.41 |
Salinity stressed × Untreated | 12.59 | 73.11 | 6.62 | 7.43 |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 2.5 | 14.37 | 121.27 | 9.14 | 11.04 |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 6.25 | 15.66 | 129.4 | 8.57 | 10.03 |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 12.5 | 12.62 | 111.05 | 7.24 | 9.45 |
Statistical significance | ||||
Salinity (S) | *** | * | * | *** |
PSI-475 (P) | * | *** | * | * |
S × P | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Source of Variance | Root (mg/g DW) | Lower Stem (mg/g DW) | Old Leaf (mg/g DW) | Upper Stem (mg/g DW) | Young Leaf (mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (S) | |||||
Unstressed | 31.21 a | 9.90 a | 3.46 a | 10.16 a | 1.43 a |
Salinity stressed | 73.11 b | 91.78 b | 66.19 b | 90.09 b | 70.26 b |
PSI-475 (P) | |||||
Untreated | 49.41 | 45.93 a | 34.30 | 55.11 b | 41.46 b |
PSI-475 | 59.92 | 55.75 b | 35.35 | 45.14 a | 30.23 a |
S × P | |||||
Unstressed × Untreated | 35.73 a | 10.55 a | 3.29 | 10.67 a | 2.05 a |
Unstressed × PSI-475 | 26.70 a | 9.25 a | 3.64 | 9.65 a | 0.80 a |
Salinity stressed × Untreated | 63.10 b | 81.31 b | 65.32 | 99.55 c | 80.87 c |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 | 83.13 c | 102.25 c | 67.07 | 80.63 b | 59.65 b |
Statistical significance | |||||
Salinity (S) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
PSI-475 (P) | ns | ** | ns | *** | *** |
S × P | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** |
Source of Variance | Root (mg/g DW) | Lower Stem (mg/g DW) | Old Leaf (mg/g DW) | Upper Stem (mg/g DW) | Young Leaf (mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (S) | |||||
Unstressed | 48.01 b | 290.23 b | 134.12 b | 240.02 | 101.66 b |
Salinity stressed | 37.35 a | 259.41 a | 115.78 a | 199.26 | 91.70 a |
PSI-475 (P) | |||||
Untreated | 27.78 a | 280.05 | 124.17 | 231.47 b | 101.45 b |
PSI-475 | 57.58 b | 269.59 | 125.73 | 207.81 a | 91.91 a |
S × P | |||||
Unstressed × Untreated | 28.79 a | 314.12 c | 136.02 | 242.24 b | 104.84 |
Unstressed × PSI-475 | 62.24 c | 266.35 ab | 132.23 | 237.79 b | 98.48 |
Salinity stressed × Untreated | 26.77 a | 245.98 a | 112.32 | 220.70 b | 98.06 |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 | 47.92 b | 272.84 b | 119.23 | 117.83 a | 85.34 |
Statistical significance | |||||
Salinity (S) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
PSI-475 (P) | *** | ns | ns | *** | *** |
S × P | *** | *** | ns | ** | ns |
Source of Variance | Root (mg/g DW) | Lower Stem (mg/g DW) | Old Leaf (mg/g DW) | Upper Stem (mg/g DW) | Young Leaf (mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (S) | |||||
Unstressed | 1.12 a | 1.07 a | 1.43 a | 0.67 a | 1.01 a |
Salinity stressed | 2.24 b | 6.05 b | 12.72 b | 3.76 b | 13.21 b |
PSI-475 (P) | |||||
Untreated | 1.58 a | 3.84 b | 7.51 b | 2.59 b | 6.86 a |
PSI-475 | 1.78 b | 3.29 a | 6.64 a | 1.83 a | 7.36 b |
S × P | |||||
Unstressed × Untreated | 1.05 | 1.05 a | 1.55 a | 0.72 a | 1.05 a |
Unstressed × PSI-475 | 1.19 | 1.10 a | 1.31 a | 0.61 a | 0.97 a |
Salinity stressed × Untreated | 2.11 | 6.63 c | 13.48 c | 4.46 c | 12.67 b |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 | 2.37 | 5.48 b | 11.96 b | 3.06 b | 13.75 c |
Statistical significance | |||||
Salinity (S) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
PSI-475 (P) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
S × P | ns | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Source of Variance | Root (mg/g DW) | Lower Stem (mg/g DW) | Old Leaf (mg/g DW) | Upper Stem (mg/g DW) | Young Leaf (mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (S) | |||||
Unstressed | 1.95 a | 3.07 | 1.30 a | 3.22 | 1.12 a |
Salinity stressed | 3.47 b | 2.65 | 2.27 b | 3.23 | 2.45 b |
PSI-475 (P) | |||||
Untreated | 1.87 a | 2.16 a | 1.91 a | 2.93 a | 1.56 a |
PSI-475 | 3.55 b | 3.56 b | 1.66 a | 3.51 b | 2.01 b |
S × P | |||||
Unstressed × Untreated | 1.39 a | 2.42 | 1.33 | 2.93 | 0.99 |
Unstressed × PSI-475 | 2.52 b | 3.72 | 1.28 | 3.50 | 1.25 |
Salinity stressed × Untreated | 2.35 b | 1.91 | 2.50 | 2.94 | 2.12 |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 | 4.59 c | 3.40 | 2.04 | 3.52 | 2.77 |
Statistical significance | |||||
Salinity (S) | *** | ns | ** | ns | *** |
PSI-475 (P) | *** | *** | * | ** | ** |
S × P | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Source of Variance | Old Leaf Chl (a + b) (mg/g DW) | Old Leaf Carotenoids (mg/g DW) | Young Leaf Chl (a + b) (mg/g DW) | Young Leaf Carotenoids (mg/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (S) | ||||
Unstressed | 10.16 b | 1.75 b | 13.27 b | 2.31 b |
Salinity stressed | 6.48 a | 1.19 a | 10.85 a | 1.94 a |
PSI-475 (P) | ||||
Untreated | 8.55 b | 1.46 | 11.73 | 2.07 |
PSI-475 | 8.09 a | 1.48 | 12.39 | 2.18 |
S × P | ||||
Unstressed × Untreated | 10.50 | 1.76 | 13.91 c | 2.37 b |
Unstressed × PSI-475 | 9.83 | 1.74 | 12.63 b | 2.26 b |
Salinity stressed × Untreated | 6.60 | 1.16 | 9.54 a | 1.76 a |
Salinity stressed × PSI-475 | 6.36 | 1.22 | 12.16 b | 2.11 b |
Statistical significance | ||||
Salinity (S) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
PSI-475 (P) | * | ns | ns | ns |
S × P | ns | ns | *** | ** |
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Ikuyinminu, E.; Goñi, O.; Łangowski, Ł.; O’Connell, S. Transcriptome, Biochemical and Phenotypic Analysis of the Effects of a Precision Engineered Biostimulant for Inducing Salinity Stress Tolerance in Tomato. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 6988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086988
Ikuyinminu E, Goñi O, Łangowski Ł, O’Connell S. Transcriptome, Biochemical and Phenotypic Analysis of the Effects of a Precision Engineered Biostimulant for Inducing Salinity Stress Tolerance in Tomato. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(8):6988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086988
Chicago/Turabian StyleIkuyinminu, Elomofe, Oscar Goñi, Łukasz Łangowski, and Shane O’Connell. 2023. "Transcriptome, Biochemical and Phenotypic Analysis of the Effects of a Precision Engineered Biostimulant for Inducing Salinity Stress Tolerance in Tomato" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8: 6988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086988