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Article

Anti-Spike Antibodies Present in the Milk of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Mothers Are Complement-Activating

by
Chiara Agostinis
1,*,†,
Miriam Toffoli
2,†,
Andrea Balduit
1,
Alessandro Mangogna
1,
Hadida Yasmin
3,
Chiara Ragazzon
2,
Silvia Pegoraro
1,
Giuseppina Campisciano
1,
Guglielmo Stabile
1,
Gabriella Zito
1,
Uday Kishore
4,
Manola Comar
1,2,
Federica Scrimin
1,
Roberta Bulla
5,*,‡ and
Giuseppe Ricci
1,2,‡
1
Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
2
Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy
3
Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar 736101, West Bengal, India
4
Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
5
Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
These authors jointly supervised this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054395
Submission received: 29 December 2022 / Revised: 2 February 2023 / Accepted: 21 February 2023 / Published: 23 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Molecular Immunology in Italy)
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Abstract

Although only 0.8–1% of SARS-CoV-2 infections are in the 0–9 age-group, pneumonia is still the leading cause of infant mortality globally. Antibodies specifically directed against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) are produced during severe COVID-19 manifestations. Following vaccination, specific antibodies are also detected in the milk of breastfeeding mothers. Since antibody binding to viral antigens can trigger activation of the complement classical - pathway, we investigated antibody-dependent complement activation by anti-S immunoglobulins (Igs) present in breast milk following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This was in view of the fact that complement could play a fundamentally protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns. Thus, 22 vaccinated, lactating healthcare and school workers were enrolled, and a sample of serum and milk was collected from each woman. We first tested for the presence of anti-S IgG and IgA in serum and milk of breastfeeding women by ELISA. We then measured the concentration of the first subcomponents of the three complement pathways (i.e., C1q, MBL, and C3) and the ability of anti-S Igs detected in milk to activate the complement in vitro. The current study demonstrated that vaccinated mothers have anti-S IgG in serum as well as in breast milk, which is capable of activating complement and may confer a protective benefit to breastfed newborns.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines; antibodies; breast milk; complement system; classical pathway COVID-19 vaccines; antibodies; breast milk; complement system; classical pathway

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Agostinis, C.; Toffoli, M.; Balduit, A.; Mangogna, A.; Yasmin, H.; Ragazzon, C.; Pegoraro, S.; Campisciano, G.; Stabile, G.; Zito, G.; et al. Anti-Spike Antibodies Present in the Milk of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Mothers Are Complement-Activating. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054395

AMA Style

Agostinis C, Toffoli M, Balduit A, Mangogna A, Yasmin H, Ragazzon C, Pegoraro S, Campisciano G, Stabile G, Zito G, et al. Anti-Spike Antibodies Present in the Milk of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Mothers Are Complement-Activating. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054395

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agostinis, Chiara, Miriam Toffoli, Andrea Balduit, Alessandro Mangogna, Hadida Yasmin, Chiara Ragazzon, Silvia Pegoraro, Giuseppina Campisciano, Guglielmo Stabile, Gabriella Zito, and et al. 2023. "Anti-Spike Antibodies Present in the Milk of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Mothers Are Complement-Activating" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054395

APA Style

Agostinis, C., Toffoli, M., Balduit, A., Mangogna, A., Yasmin, H., Ragazzon, C., Pegoraro, S., Campisciano, G., Stabile, G., Zito, G., Kishore, U., Comar, M., Scrimin, F., Bulla, R., & Ricci, G. (2023). Anti-Spike Antibodies Present in the Milk of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Mothers Are Complement-Activating. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5), 4395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054395

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