Association of Preterm Birth and Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Parturition
3. Common PTB Causes
4. Food Contact Materials
4.1. BPA
4.2. Phthalates
5. Pesticides
5.1. Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)
5.2. Organophosphate Pesticides (OPPs)
6. Chemicals in Products
6.1. Lead
6.2. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
7. Discussion
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Chemical | Used In | Routes of Exposure | Is Fetus Exposed? |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food Contact Materials | BPA | Reusable food and drink containers, food can linings, water bottles, dental sealants, thermal receipts, medical equipment, flooring, water supply pipes [5] | Topical, oral, inhalation [5,6] | Yes [5] |
Phthalates | Reusable food and drink containers, lotions, perfumes, deodorants [7] | Topical, oral [7] | Yes [8] | |
Pesticides | OCP | Pesticides [8] | Topical, oral, inhalation [8,9] | Yes [10] |
OPP | Pesticides [11] | Topical, oral, inhalation [8,9] | Yes [12] | |
Chemicals in Products | Lead | Paint, children’s products, drinking water, cigarettes [13,14,15] | Oral, inhalation, endogenous (bones) [4,14,15] | Yes [4] |
PBDE | Furniture, clothing, electronic appliances [16] | Oral, inhalation, endogenous (adipose) [16] | Yes [17] |
Country | PTB Rate per 100 Live Births |
---|---|
Malawi | 18.1 |
Comoros | 16.7 |
Congo | 16.7 |
Zimbabwe | 16.6 |
Equatorial Guinea | 16.5 |
Mozambique | 16.4 |
Gabon | 16.3 |
Pakistan | 15.8 |
Indonesia | 15.5 |
Mauritania | 15.4 |
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Kolan, A.S.; Hall, J.M. Association of Preterm Birth and Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031952
Kolan AS, Hall JM. Association of Preterm Birth and Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031952
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolan, Anish S., and Julianne M. Hall. 2023. "Association of Preterm Birth and Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031952