Asymmetries of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Neural Innervation and Glucocorticoids Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphology and Histology of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Mice
2.2. Comparison of the Major Markers of Adrenal Zones and the Subcellular Structure in the Left and Right Adrenal Glands
2.3. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in the Left and Right Adrenal Glands
2.3.1. DEGs Involved in the Capability of Glucocorticoid Production
2.3.2. DEGs Involved in Protein Synthesis and Energy Expenditure
2.3.3. DEGs Involved in Different Neural Innervation and Adrenal Regeneration
2.3.4. Construction of the ceRNA Network and Hub miRNA Identification
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Experiment
4.2. Adrenal Gland Histology and Oil Red O Staining
4.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Immunohistochemistry
4.4. RNA Extraction and RNA Sequencing Analysis
4.5. Functional Analysis and PPI Network Establishment
4.6. Construction of the ceRNA Regulatory Network
4.7. RT-qPCR
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) | |||
Areas | Left Adrenal | Right Adrenal | p-Value |
Entire gland | 1.867 ± 0.155 a* | 1.691 ± 0.147 | 0.049 |
Capsule | 0.081 ± 0.019 b** | 0.052 ± 0.006 | 0.005 |
Cortex | 1.210 ± 0.102 | 1.138 ± 0.112 | 0.272 |
zG | 0.267 ± 0.046 | 0.243 ± 0.037 | 0.343 |
zF | 0.943 ± 0.060 | 0.895 ± 0.091 | 0.307 |
Medulla | 0.540 ± 0.10 | 0.503 ± 0.129 | 0.589 |
(b) | |||
Ratio | Left Adrenal | Right Adrenal | p-Value |
Capsule/gland | 0.044 ± 0.012 a* | 0.031 ± 0.003 | 0.021 |
Cortex/gland | 0.661 ± 0.041 | 0.674 ± 0.058 | 0.681 |
zG/Cortex | 0.219 ± 0.022 | 0.213 ± 0.022 | 0.645 |
zF/Cortex | 0.781 ± 0.022 | 0.787 ± 0.022 | 0.645 |
Medulla/gland | 0.294 ± 0.045 | 0.295 ± 0.061 | 0.976 |
Pathway | Level 1 | Level 2 | ID | Up/Down Number | DEG Number | Total Number | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermogenesis | Organismal Systems | Environmental adaptation | ko04714 | 11/48 | 59 | 232 | 1.92 × 10−5 |
Axon guidance | Organismal Systems | Development and regeneration | ko04360 | 13/25 | 38 | 156 | 0.00129021 |
PPAR signaling pathway | Organismal Systems | Endocrine system | ko03320 | 8/15 | 23 | 82 | 0.001617661 |
Corticosterone synthesis and secretion | Organismal Systems | Endocrine system | ko04927 | 12/6 | 18 | 59 | 0.00180696 |
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocyte | Organismal Systems | Circulatory system | ko04261 | 13/16 | 29 | 126 | 0.010343082 |
Cholinergic synapse | Organismal Systems | Nervous system | ko04725 | 6/16 | 22 | 96 | 0.02441011 |
Chemokine signaling pathway | Organismal Systems | Immune system | ko04062 | 18/17 | 35 | 170 | 0.028186015 |
Platelet activation | Organismal Systems | Immune system | ko04611 | 12/13 | 25 | 115 | 0.031805019 |
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling | Organismal Systems | Nervous system | ko04723 | 5/23 | 28 | 134 | 0.038658635 |
Aldosterone synthesis and secretion | Organismal Systems | Endocrine system | ko04925 | 10/9 | 19 | 84 | 0.039170725 |
Gene Symbol | KEGG | Description | Fold Change (L/R) |
---|---|---|---|
Plcb1 | K05858 | 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X2 | 1.27 |
Agtr1b | K04166 | type-1B angiotensin II receptor | 1.31 |
Hsd3b1 | K00070 | 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5--4-isomerase type 1 | 1.50 |
Hsd3b6 | K00070 | 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5--4-isomerase type 6 | 1.64 |
Creb3 | K09048 | cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 | 1.33 |
Kcnk3 | K04914 | potassium channel subfamily K member 3 | 0.77 |
Creb3l2 | K09048 | cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 | 0.76 |
Agt | K09821 | angiotensinogen isoform X1 | 1.94 |
Star | K16931 | steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial progenitor | 1.20 |
Adcy1 | K08041 | adenylate cyclase type 1 | 0.75 |
Adcy3 | K08043 | adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform 2 | 0.82 |
Agtr1a | K04166 | type-1A angiotensin II receptor isoform X1 | 1.23 |
Adcy6 | K08046 | adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform 1 | 0.77 |
Cacna1i | K04856 | voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X2 | 0.61 |
Cyp11b2 | K00497 | cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial | 1.36 |
Mrap | K22398 | melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein | 1.23 |
Mc2r | K04200 | adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor | 1.21 |
Nr0b1 | K08562 | nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 1 | 1.64 |
Pathway | Level 1 | Level 2 | ID | Up/Down NO. | DEG NO. | Total NO. | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ribosome | Genetic Information Processing | Translation | ko03010 | 5/59 | 64 | 247 | 4.54 × 10−6 |
Oxidative phosphorylation | Metabolism | Energy metabolism | ko00190 | 3/32 | 35 | 141 | 0.001383233 |
cGMP-PKG signaling pathway | Environmental Information Processing | Signal transduction | ko04022 | 14/18 | 32 | 149 | 0.019947882 |
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglio series | Metabolism | Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism | ko00604 | 2/3 | 5 | 12 | 0.023467218 |
Ras signaling pathway | Environmental Information Processing | Signal transduction | ko04014 | 17/23 | 40 | 197 | 0.024806251 |
MAPK signaling pathway | Environmental Information Processing | Signal transduction | ko04010 | 20/28 | 48 | 247 | 0.031550245 |
Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation | Metabolism | Amino acid metabolism | ko00280 | 8/5 | 13 | 52 | 0.039016313 |
Gene Symbol | NCBI Accession No. | Product Size | Primer Sequence (5′ to 3′) |
---|---|---|---|
Hsd3b1 | NM_001304800.1 | 85 | TGCTGCACAGCCCTCCTA |
TCCATCCAGCCATGGTCAAC | |||
Cyp11b2 | NM_009991.4 | 251 | TGGCATTGTGGCGGAACTAA |
AAGGGGATTGCTGTCGTGTC | |||
Cyp11b1 | NM_001033229.3 | 162 | CGCTGCAAATCCTCAGAAGG |
ACATTGAGGACTGTCCCAGCA | |||
Cyp11a1 | NM_001346787.1 | 189 | CCCGGAGAGCTTGTGCAAAT |
CCCATGCTGAGCCAGATGTC | |||
Star | NM_011485.5 | 184 | TCGCTACGTTCAAGCTGTGT |
GCTTCCAGTTGAGAACCAAGC | |||
Ngfr | NM_033217.3 | 102 | CCCTGCCTGGACAGTGTTAC |
ACAGGGAGCGGACATACTCT | |||
Cend1 | NM_001360485.1 | 159 | CAGGACGGGGAGACCCAT |
CCTTGGTATCTGGCTTGGGG | |||
Cdh6 | NM_007666.4 | 106 | CAGCAAGAAGCACAGAGCAG |
CTTTCAGAGGGTACCTCGGTT | |||
Tox | NM_001377078.1 | 142 | TGGTCAGCTGCACACTAGAA |
ACTCCTTTTCTTTTCTCCTGCC | |||
Shh | NM_009170.3 | 168 | ACGTAGCCGAGAAGACCCTA |
ACTTGTCTTTGCACCTCTGAGT | |||
Gata2 | NM_001355253.1 | 104 | TGTCAGACGACAACCACCAC |
AGTGGCCTGTTAACATTGTGC | |||
Gapdh | NM_001411840.1 | 166 | AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTT |
ACTGTGCCGTTGAATTTGCC | |||
U6 | NR_138085.1 | 79 | CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA |
AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT | |||
miR-466i-5p | NR_035412.1 | 65 | AATCGGCGTGTGTGTGTGTGT |
ATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGG |
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Saxu, R.; Yang, Y.; Gu, H.F. Asymmetries of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Neural Innervation and Glucocorticoids Production. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417456
Saxu R, Yang Y, Gu HF. Asymmetries of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Neural Innervation and Glucocorticoids Production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417456
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaxu, Rengui, Yong Yang, and Harvest F. Gu. 2023. "Asymmetries of Left and Right Adrenal Glands in Neural Innervation and Glucocorticoids Production" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417456