Enhanced Natural Strength: Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Nanotechnology in In Vitro and In Vivo Medical Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources and Search Criteria
3. Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oils from Plants Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family
4. Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Essential Oils from Plants Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family
5. Wound-Healing Potential of Essential Oils from Plants Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family
6. Anti-Aging Potential of Essential Oils from Plants Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family
7. Anti-Melanogenic Potential of Essential Oils from Plants Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family
8. Anti-Cancer Potential of Essential Oils from Plants Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family
9. Nanotechnology as a Strategy for Precise Delivery of Lamiaceae Essential Oils in Skin Diseases
10. Patented Compositions of Essential Oils and Their Role in Skin Lesions
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tested Plant | Plant Part | Number of Identified Compounds (the Main Constituents > 5%) | Cell Line | Tested Essential Oil Concentrations | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glechoma hederacea L. | aerial parts | 29 compounds (trans-3-pinanone, β-caryophyllene, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-5-isopropenyl-3,6-betadimethyl-6-alpha-vinylbenzofuran) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 5–20 μg/mL | suppress NO production, regulate expression of iNOS, COX-2, and HO-1, and TNF-α | [55] |
Lavandula angustifolia L. | - | (linalyl acetate, linalool, β-caryophyllen, trans-βocimene, lavandulyl acetate) | Murine brain endothelial bEnd.3 cells stimulated with TNF-α | 0.01% | inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation | [56] |
Lavandula angustifolia L. | whole plant | 71 compounds (linalool, terpinene-4-ol, α-terpineol, linalyl acetate) | THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage stimulated with LPS | 100 μL of DMSO was added to 900 μL of essential oil in a final volume of 1 mL. The emulsions were diluted with phosphate-buffered saline 500-fold | decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 expression | [57] |
Monarda Didyma L. | flowering aerial parts | 20 compounds (1-octen-3-ol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, thymol methyl ether, carvacrol methyl ether, thymol, carvacrol) | U937 cells stimulated with LPS | 0.5 μL/mL | decreased expression of IL-6 | [58] |
Ocimum basilicum L. | whole plant | 25 compounds (the distillate fraction contained estragole, methyl eugenol, α-bergamotene, carotol, α-cadinol) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 20 µg/mL | the distillate fraction suppressed the production of NO and iNOS, and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | [59] |
Ocimum sanctum L. | leaves | - | Lymphocytes stimulated with LPS | 250 μg/mL | downregulation of MMP-9 expression | [60] |
Origanum vulgare L. | - | 32 constituents (carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene) | human keratinocytes NCTC 2544 treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and histamine (H) | 25 μg/mL | reduction of ROS, ICAM-1, iNOS, and COX-2 | [61] |
Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf. | leaf | 37 compounds (cyclosativene, caryophyllene oxide, 1-epi-cubenol, eudesma-4(15), 7-dien-1-β-ol, mustakone) | human red blood cell | 62.5–1000 μg/mL | cell membrane stabilization activity | [62] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | whole plant | - | THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage stimulated with LPS | 5 μg/mL | increased level of IL-10 expression | [63] |
Salvia officinalis L. | aerial parts | 25 compounds, (1,8-cineole, camphor, β-pinene, α-terpineol, α-pinene) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 0.16–1.25 µL/mL | inhibited NO production | [64] |
Salvia officinalis L. | leaves | 24 compounds (camphene, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, camphor, bornyl acetate) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 50–500 μg/mL | reduced NO and NF-κB production | [65] |
Thymus albicans L. | flowering parts | 35 compounds (1,8-cineole, linalool, borneol) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 0.32–0.64 μL/mL | reduced the production of nitrites, an NO-derived sub-product, and iNOS protein levels | [66] |
Thymus camphoratus L. | flowering aerial parts | 60 compounds (α-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, borneol) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 0.16–0.32 μL/mL | inhibitory effects towards NO production, inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX-2 | [67] |
Thymus zygis L. | aerial parts | 41 compounds (p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, γ-terpinene, linalool) | RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS | 0.08–0.64 µL/mL | inhibition of NO production | [68] |
Tested Plant | Plant Part | Number of Identified Compounds (the Main Constituents > 5%) | Animals | Tested Essential Oil Concentrations/Types of Administration (Oral/Topical) | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agastache rugosa Gronov. | leaves | 37 compounds (p-allylguaiacol/eugenol, patchouli alcohol, pogostone) | Rats with adjuvant arthritis | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibition of the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 | [69] |
Hyptis spicigera Lam. | aerial parts | 14 compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene) | Swiss mice | 1000 mg/kg (oral administration) | temperature of the hind paw was reduced; edema was diminished | [70] |
Lavandula Augustifolia L. | - | 28 compounds (D-limonene, linalyl acetate, linalool) | Swiss mice | 50 μL/ear (topical treatment)/ 0.6 g/kg (oral treatment) | inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan and by croton oil | [71] |
Lavandula angustifolia L. | leaves and stem | 27 compounds (1,8-cineole, borneol, camphor, limonene, camphene) | Swiss mice | 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ear (topical administration) 75, 100, and 250 mg/kg (oral administration) | topical treatment reduced edema formation, MPO activity, and NO production in croton-oil-induced ear edema model or carrageenan-induced paw edema model/oral treatment reduced edema formation, MPO activity, and NO production | [72] |
Lavandula angustifolia L. | 24 compounds (D-limonene, α-pinene, linalool, linalyl acetate, isobornyl acetate, benzylacetone) | BALB/c mice 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice models | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | decreased the production of TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6 | [73] | |
Lavandula angustifolia L. | aerial parts | 54 compounds (γ-terpineol, lavandulyl propionate) | Rats with adjuvant arthritis | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibition of the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 | [69] |
Lavandula stoechas L. | aerial parts | 21 compounds (β-pinene, 1,8-cineole) | Swiss albino mice | 200 and 20 mg/kg (oral administration) 82 and 410 mg/kg (topical administration) | reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema/ reduced acute ear edema | [74] |
Lavandula stoechas L. | aerial parts | 28 compounds (1,8-cineole, trans-α-necrodyl acetate, E-caryophyllene, trans-α-necrodol, lavandulol) | Swiss albino mice | 200 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema | [75] |
Melissa officinalis L. | leaves | (nerol, citral, isopulegol) | Wistar rats | 200, 400 mg/kg (oral administration) | reduction in edema induced by carrageenan | [76] |
Mentha haplocalyx L. | 32 compounds (p-cymene, D-limonene, γ-terpinene, α-isomenthone, L-menthone, DL-menthol) | BALB/c mice 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice models | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | decreased the production of TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, and COX-2 | [73] | |
Mentha piperita L. | 28 compounds (menthone, isomenthone, menthol, trans-anethole) | Charles River Wistar rats | 125–500 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan | [77] | |
Mentha piperita L. | leaves | 51 compounds (neomenthol, menthol, menthy acetate) | ICR mice | 200, 400 and 800 mg/ear (topically treatment) | inhibition of paw edema induced by croton oil | [78] |
Mentha spicata L. subsp. crispata | 28 compounds (menthone, menthol, carvone) | Charles River Wistar rats | 125–500 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan | [77] | |
Mentha suaveolens L. | 20 compounds (piperitenone oxide) | Charles River Wistar rats | 1125–500 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan | [77] | |
Ocimum basilicum L. | leaves | 14 compounds (linalool, estragole) | Swiss albino mice | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran | [79] |
Ocimum kilimandscharicum L. | leaves | 45 compounds (limonene, 1,8 cineole, camphor) | Swiss mice | 30 and 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited carrageenan-induced pleurisy | [80] |
Ocimum selloi L. | leaves | 9 compounds (methyl chavicol, E-anethole) | Swiss mice | 30–300 mg/kg (oral administration) | significantly prevented paw edema, mechanical hyperalgesia, and cold hyperalgesia after carrageenan model | [81] |
Origanum compactum L. | aerial parts | 11 compounds (p-cymene, β-pinene, carvacrol, thymol) | Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan | [82] |
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton | 20 compounds (linalool, 2-pyrimidinamine, 2-hexanoylfuran, β-caryophyllene) | BALB/c mice 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice models | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | decreased the production of TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, and COX-2 | [73] | |
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton | leaves | 24 compounds (β-caryophyllene, linalool) | Rats with adjuvant arthritis | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 | [69] |
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. | 14 compounds (α-guaiene, α-bulnesene, seychellene, patchouli alcohol) | BALB/c mice 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice models | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | decreased the production of TNF-α, NF-κB and COX-2 | [73] | |
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. | leaves | 35 compounds (p-allylguaiacol/eugenol, patchouli alcohol, pogostone) | Rats with adjuvant arthritis | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | Inhibited the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 | [69] |
Rosmarinus offcinalis L. | leaves | 46 compounds (levo verbenone, chavibetol, borneol, (+)-2-bornanone, eucalyptol) | Rats with adjuvant arthritis | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | Inhibited the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 | [69] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | 23 compounds (D-limonene, α-pinene, linalool) | BALB/c mice 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice models | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | decreased the production of TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6 | [73] | |
Salvia japonica L. | aerial parts | 47 compounds (L-α-pinene, linalool, (+)-2-bornanone, benzyl acetate, triacetin, terpenyl acetate) | Rats with adjuvant arthritis | 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 | [69] |
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. | 44 compounds (o-cymene, curcumene, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, γ-muurolene) | BALB/c mice 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mice models | 100 µg/mL (topical administration) | decreased the production of TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, and COX-2 | [73] | |
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. | aerial parts | (–)-α-bisabolol, bicyclogermacrene | Swiss mice | 25 or 50 mg/kg (oral administration) | reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β | [83] |
Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut. | aerial parts | 9 compounds (borneol, thymol, carvacrol) | rats | 150 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan | [84] |
Thymus fontanesii Boiss. & Reut. | aerial parts | 24 compounds (p-cymene, γ-terpinene, carvacrol) | mice | 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg (oral administration) | inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan | [85] |
Thymus vulgaris L. | aerial parts | 66 compounds (p-cymene, γ-terpinene, thymol) | Swiss albino mice | 400 mg/kg (oral administration) | reduction in edema induced by carrageenan | [86] |
Thymus vulgaris L. | - | 25 compounds (p-cymene, γ-terpinene, carvacrol) | Swiss mice | 100, 10 and 2 mg/kg (topical administration) | inhibited paw edema induced by croton oil | [87] |
Zataria multiflora Boiss. | - | 29 compounds (p-cymene, γ-terpinene, thymol, carvacrol) | BALB/c mice | 1–2% (topical administration) | decreased the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α | [88] |
Tested Plant | Plant Part | Number of Identified Compounds (the Main Constituents) | Cell Line | Essential Oil Concentrations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cantinoa stricta (Benth.) Harley & J. F. B. Pastore | flowers | 46 compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene + β-phellandrene, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide) | UACC-62 | TGI = 25.19 µg/mL | [111] |
Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel | aerial parts | 61 compounds (β-pinene, pinocarvone) | A375 | IC50 = 4.3 µg/mL | [112] |
Cunila angustifolia Benth. | leaves | 17 compounds (menthone, isomenthol, pulegone) | SK-Mel-28 | IC50 = 279.9 µg/mL | [113] |
Lavandula stoechas L. | aerial parts | 21 compounds (β-pinene, 1,8-cineole) | MV3 | IC50 = 0.06 µL/mL | [74] |
Mentha piperita L. | aerial parts | - | A-375 | IC50 = 0.4 µL/mL | [114] |
Ocimum basilicum L. | leaves | linalool and isoeugenol | FemX | IC50 = 96.72 µg/mL | [115] |
Ocimum basilicum L. | aerial parts | - | A-375 | IC50 = 0.36 µL/mL | [114] |
Origanum vulgare L. | aerial parts | - | A-375 | IC50 = 0.09 µL/mL | [114] |
Pogostemon deccanensis Desf. | aerial parts | 47 compounds (ethanone, 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-, epi-cadinol, benzofuran, 6-ethenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-5-isopropenyl-, trans-) | B16F1 | 2 µg/mL—2.1% survival ratio | [116] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | leaves | - | A-375 | IC50 = 0.24 µL/mL | [114] |
Salvia aurea L. | aerial parts | 35 compounds (aromadendrene, α-amorphene, caryophyllene oxide, elemenone, aristolone) | M14 | IC50 = 12.5 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia aurea L. | aerial parts | 35 compounds (aromadendrene, α-amorphene, caryophyllene oxide, elemenone, aristolone) | A2058 | IC50 = 21.2 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia aurea L. | aerial parts | 35 compounds (aromadendrene, α-amorphene, caryophyllene oxide, elemenone, aristolone) | A375 | IC50 = 15.9 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia judaica Boiss | aerial parts | 45 compounds (tetradecanoic acid, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene) | M14 | IC50 = 11.6 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia Judaica Boiss | aerial parts | 45 compounds (tetradecanoic acid, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene) | A2058 | IC50 = 19.4 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia Judaica Boiss | aerial parts | 45 compounds (tetradecanoic acid, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene) | A375 | IC50 = 14.4 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia officinalis L. | whole plant | 14 compounds (1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor, γ-muurolene) | A375 | IC50 = 10.7 µg/mL | [118] |
Salvia officinalis L. | whole plant | 10 compounds (α-thujone, β-thujone, γ-elemene, γ-muurolene, sclareol) | M14 | IC50 = 8.2 µg/mL | [118] |
Salvia officinalis L. | whole plant | 10 compounds (α-thujone, β-thujone, γ-elemene, γ-muurolene, sclareol) | A2058 | IC50 = 11.7 µg/mL | [118] |
Salvia officinalis L. | aerial parts | 14 compounds (β-pinene, eucalyptol, α-thujone, camphene, p-thymol, caryophyllene) | A375 | 50 µg/mL—39% inhibition ratio | [119] |
Salvia verbenaca L. | aerial parts | 76 constituents (hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, hexadecanoic acid) | M14 | IC50 = 8.1 µg/mL | [120] |
Salvia viscosa Jacq. | aerial parts | 31 compounds (β-copaen-4-α-ol, caryophyllene oxide, α-cubebene, carvacrol) | M14 | IC50 = 13.3 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia viscosa Jacq. | aerial parts | 31 compounds (β-copaen-4-α-ol, caryophyllene oxide, α-cubebene, carvacrol) | A2058 | IC50 = 23.6 µg/mL | [117] |
Salvia viscosa Jacq. | aerial parts | 31 compounds (β-copaen-4-α-ol, caryophyllene oxide, α-cubebene, carvacrol) | A375 | IC50 = 16.2 µg/mL | [117] |
Satureja hortensis L. | aerial parts | 18 compounds ((+)-4-carene, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, thymol, carvacrol) | A375 | IC50 = 22.27 µg/mL | [121] |
Stachys annua L. | aerial parts | 53 compounds (phytol, germacrene D, spathulenol, bicyclogermacrene) | A375 | IC50 = 37.2 µg/mL | [122] |
Thymus munbyanus Boiss & Reuth | flowers | 103 compounds (1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol) | A375 | IC50 = 46.95 µg/mL | [123] |
Thymus vulgaris L. | aerial parts | 8 compounds (γ-terpinene, p-thymol, caryophyllene) | A375 | 50 µg/mL—17.5% inhibition ratio | [119] |
Tested Plant | Chemical Components of Essential Oils | Type of Nanoparticles | Activities | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ocimum basilicum | eugenol and caryophyllene | chitosan nanoparticles | antibacterial and antibiofilm activity | Staphylococcus aureus | [135] |
Thymus sp. | Thymol and carvacrol | chitosan nanoparticles | antimicrobial activity | Staphylococcus aureus | [136] |
Mentha sp. | Menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, piperitone, limonene, and 1,8-cineole | hydroxyapatite nanoparticles | antimicrobial activity | Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or the fungal strain Candida parapsilosis | [137] |
Lavendula sp. | - | nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) | wound-healing activities | [138] | |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | - | silver nanoparticles | antimicrobial and wound-healing activity | Staphylococcus aureus | [139] |
Zataria multiflora Boiss. | - | solid lipid nanoparticles | anti-cancer | anticancer efficacy of the essential oil against melanoma cancer (A-375) cells with 75 μg/mL | [140] |
Mentha piperita L. | - | chitosan nanoparticles | antioxidant and antimicrobial activities | enhanced antibacterial activity with MBC values of 0.57 and mg·mL−1 against S. aureus; antioxidant activities were improved by about 2.4-fold in DPPPH test | [141] |
Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad | carvacrol | chitosan nanoparticles | antibacterial activities | activities on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains | [142] |
Origanum vulgare L. | - | gold nanoparticles | antioxidant, antimicrobial properties | significant bactericidal and antioxidant activities, the most sensitive microorganisms being S. aureus and C. albicans, better tolerated by normal human dermal fibroblast cells, while the melanoma cancer cells are more sensitive | [143] |
Origanum vulgare L. | - | ZnO nanoparticles | antioxidant activity | excellent antioxidative properties in DPPH test | [144] |
Satureja hortensis L. | - | iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) | antimicrobial activity | possessed higher antimicrobial properties against selected pathogenic microorganisms, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans | [145] |
Origanum vulgare L. | o-cymene/m-cymene, terpinolene, carvacrol, -terpinene | chitosan—alginate nanoparticles | antimicrobial activity | possessed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans | [146] |
Thymus capitatus L. and Origanum vulgare L. | carvacrol, thymol | chitosan nanoparticles | antimicrobial activity | exhibited enhanced bactericidal activity against S. aureus | [147] |
Thymus vulgaris L. | p-cymene, thymol, α-terpineol and linalool | archaeolipids carriers (NAC) | antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibiofilm activity | exhibited enhanced activity against P. aeruginosa | [148] |
Lavandula angustifolia L. | - | silver nanoparticles | antimicrobial and wound-healing activity | excellent bactericidal properties against S. aureus | [149] |
The Active Ingredient from the Lamiaceae Family | Application | Patent Number | Year |
---|---|---|---|
Mentha camphor oil, Lavandula angustifolia oil | Skin pruritus, allergic dermatitis, eczema | CN106420937A | 2017 |
Melissa oil | An organic skin moisturizer | US 8,986,752 B1 | 2015 |
Origanum compactum oil | Treatment of keratoses | US 9,040,103 B2 | 2015 |
Peppermint oil | Inflammation of skin | US 9,180,146 B2 | 2015 |
Monarda fistulosa and/or Monarda didyma oil | Inflammation of skin | US 2016/0213727 A1 | 2016 |
Ocimum americanum oil, Mentha pulegium oil | Cosmetic application | WO2017112998A1 | 2017 |
Oregano oil, Thyme oil | Bacterial and fungal infections, and oxidative stress | WO2016187422A1 | 2016 |
Origanum compactum oil | Therapeutic treatment of actinic keratoses | EP2538933B1 | 2016 |
Origanum compactum oil | Treatment of malign keratosis | EP2538933A2 | 2016 |
Rosemary oil, peppermint oil | A hand and body skincare cream | US7887853B1 | 2011 |
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Kowalczyk, T.; Merecz-Sadowska, A.; Ghorbanpour, M.; Szemraj, J.; Piekarski, J.; Bijak, M.; Śliwiński, T.; Zajdel, R.; Sitarek, P. Enhanced Natural Strength: Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Nanotechnology in In Vitro and In Vivo Medical Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015279
Kowalczyk T, Merecz-Sadowska A, Ghorbanpour M, Szemraj J, Piekarski J, Bijak M, Śliwiński T, Zajdel R, Sitarek P. Enhanced Natural Strength: Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Nanotechnology in In Vitro and In Vivo Medical Research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(20):15279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015279
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalczyk, Tomasz, Anna Merecz-Sadowska, Mansour Ghorbanpour, Janusz Szemraj, Janusz Piekarski, Michal Bijak, Tomasz Śliwiński, Radosław Zajdel, and Przemysław Sitarek. 2023. "Enhanced Natural Strength: Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Nanotechnology in In Vitro and In Vivo Medical Research" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20: 15279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015279