Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Cardiac Fibrosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Major Role Played by Cardiac Fibroblasts
3. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Development of Cardiac Fibrosis
- Growth Factors
- ✓
- TGFβ
- ✓
- PDGF
- ✓
- FGF
- ✓
- TNF
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)
- β-adrenergic system
4. Emerging Techniques for the Detection of Cardiac Fibrosis
- ✓
- Imaging techniques
- ✓
- Circulating biomarkers of cardiac fibrosis
5. Potential Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis
- ✓
- TGFβ1 inhibitors
- ✓
- RAAS targeting
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme |
Ang | Angiotensin |
β-AR | Beta Adrenergic Receptor |
ARB | Angiotensin-Renin Inhibitors |
ARNI | Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor |
AT1R | Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor |
BMP | Bone Morphogenetic Protein |
C1TP | Collagen 1 carboxy-Terminal Telopeptides |
CMR | Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance |
CTGF | Connective Tissue Growth Factor |
ECM | Extracellular Matrix |
ECV | Extracellular Cardiac Volume |
EndoMT | Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition |
ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
FGF | Fibroblast Growth Factor |
GSK3 | Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β |
HF | Heart Failure |
HFpEF | Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction |
LAP | Latency-Associated Protein |
LGE | Late Gadolinium Enhancement |
LOX | Lysyl Oxidase enzyme |
LTBP | Latent TGF-β1-Binding Proteins |
MI | Mycocardial Infarction |
MMP | Matrix Metalloproteinase |
MR | Mineralocorticoid Receptor |
NE | Norepinephrine |
NOX | NADPH Oxidase |
OPN | Osteopontin |
PDGF | Platelet-Derived Growth Factor |
PET | Positron Emission Tomography |
RAAS | Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
SMA | α Smooth Muscle Actin |
sST2 | soluble ST2 |
STE | Speckle Tracking Echocardiography |
TAC | Transverse Aortic Constriction |
TGF | Transforming Growth Factor |
TIMP | Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase |
TNC | Tenascin-C |
TRI | TGFβ1 Receptor Type I |
TRII | TGFβ1 Receptor type II |
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Bertaud, A.; Joshkon, A.; Heim, X.; Bachelier, R.; Bardin, N.; Leroyer, A.S.; Blot-Chabaud, M. Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Cardiac Fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021756
Bertaud A, Joshkon A, Heim X, Bachelier R, Bardin N, Leroyer AS, Blot-Chabaud M. Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Cardiac Fibrosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(2):1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021756
Chicago/Turabian StyleBertaud, Alexandrine, Ahmad Joshkon, Xavier Heim, Richard Bachelier, Nathalie Bardin, Aurélie S. Leroyer, and Marcel Blot-Chabaud. 2023. "Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Cardiac Fibrosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2: 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021756