Multiple Roles of LOXL2 in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Potential for Therapeutic Targeting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. LOXL2 Introduction: LOX Family, Structure, and LOXL2 Function
3. LOXL2 Expression in HCC and Correlation with Clinical Parameters
4. LOXL2 in the Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment and Formation of Premetastatic Niches
4.1. LOXL2 and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)
4.2. LOXL2 and Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
4.3. LOXL2 in the Formation of Premetastatic Niches (PNM)
5. LOXL2 Role in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
6. LOXL2 and Hypoxia, Angiogenesis, and Vasculogenic Mimicry
7. LOXL2 and micro-RNAs in HCC
8. LOXL2 as Potential Target for Treatment of HCC
Type | Agent | Target | References |
---|---|---|---|
monoclonal antibody | AB0023 | LOXL2 | [46,121,122] |
AB0024 | LOXL2 | [123,124,125] | |
small-molecule inhibitor | BAPN | LOX/LOXL1-4 | [100,133,134] |
LOXL2-IN-1 | LOXL2 | [122] | |
PXS-5338 | LOXL2 | [156] | |
PXS-5382 | LOXL2 | [156] | |
PXS-5878 | LOXL2 | [156] | |
PXS-5153A | LOXL2/LOXL3 | [157] | |
(2-chloropyridin-4-yl) methenamine | LOXL2 | [158] |
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma; |
LOXL2 | Lysyloxidase-like 2; |
HBV | Hepatitis B virus; |
HCV | Hepatitis C virus; |
MASLD | Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; |
TACE | Transarterialchemoembolization; |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor; |
TME | Tumor microenvironment; |
CAF | Cancer-associated fibroblasts; |
ECM | Extracellular matrix; |
LTQ | Lysine tyrosylquinone; |
ELN | Elastin; |
FBLN5 | Fibulin-5; |
PCOLCE | Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1; |
TLL1 | Tolloid-like protein 1; |
BMP | Bone morphogenic protein 1; |
CAIX | Carbon anhydrase IX; |
HSC | Hepatic stellate cells; |
BMDC | Bone marrow-derived cells; |
TGF-ß | Transforming growth factor-beta; |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha; |
JNK-c | Jun N-terminal kinase; |
5FU | 5-fluorouracil; |
FAK | Focaladhesion kinase; |
ROCK | Rho-associated protein kinase; |
CCL5 | Chemokine ligand 5; |
ZEB1 | Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; |
MEK1/2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2; |
ERK 1/2 | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; |
MMP | Matrix metalloproteinase |
HRE | Hypoxia responsive element; |
FBP1 | Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase protein 1; |
PDGFRß | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta; |
miR | micro-RNA; |
BAPN | ß-aminopropionitrile. |
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Radić, J.; Kožik, B.; Nikolić, I.; Kolarov-Bjelobrk, I.; Vasiljević, T.; Vranjković, B.; Despotović, S. Multiple Roles of LOXL2 in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Potential for Therapeutic Targeting. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411745
Radić J, Kožik B, Nikolić I, Kolarov-Bjelobrk I, Vasiljević T, Vranjković B, Despotović S. Multiple Roles of LOXL2 in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Potential for Therapeutic Targeting. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(14):11745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411745
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadić, Jelena, Bojana Kožik, Ivan Nikolić, Ivana Kolarov-Bjelobrk, Tijana Vasiljević, Bojana Vranjković, and Sanja Despotović. 2023. "Multiple Roles of LOXL2 in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Potential for Therapeutic Targeting" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14: 11745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411745