Pro-Tumor Activity of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in Anti-Tumor Photodynamic Therapy: Recently Recognized Bystander Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nitric Oxide and Its Relevance to Cancer
3. iNOS/NO Antagonism to Anti-Tumor Photodynamic Therapy
Photosensitizer | System Studied | Key Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Photofrin | Mouse-borne syngeneic tumors (RIF, SCCVII, EMT6 | Highest NO-producing tumors—most resistant | [32] |
ALA-induced PpIX | Human prostate PC3 cells irradiated in vitro | PDT-induced iNOS/NO; PDT resistance | [7] |
ALA-induced PpIX | Human prostate PC3 cells irradiated in vitro | Accelerated growth/migration of cells surviving PDT | [8] |
ALA-induced PpIX | MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in SCID mice | Stimulation of tumor growth by upregulated iNOS/NO | [35] |
ALA-induced PpIX | U87 glioblastoma cells irradiated in vitro | BET inhibitor suppression of cell hyper-aggressiveness after PDT | [39] |
3-THPP, PpIX | MDCXII cells in vitro | Discovery of PDT-induced bystander effect (undefined, but likely due to NO) | [45] |
Deuteroporphyrin | WTK1 lymphoblastoid cells in vitro | Cytotoxic bystander effect (poorly defined mechanism, but possible iNOS/NO role) | [46] |
ALA-induced PpIX | Prostate PC3 cells irradiated in vitro | Stimulation of bystander cell growth/migration by targeted cell iNOS/NO | [47] |
4. Bystander Effects of PDT-Upregulated iNOS/NO
5. Pharmacologic Suppression of iNOS/NO Anti-Therapeutic Effects
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Girotti, A.W.; Bazak, J.; Korytowski, W. Pro-Tumor Activity of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in Anti-Tumor Photodynamic Therapy: Recently Recognized Bystander Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411559
Girotti AW, Bazak J, Korytowski W. Pro-Tumor Activity of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in Anti-Tumor Photodynamic Therapy: Recently Recognized Bystander Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(14):11559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411559
Chicago/Turabian StyleGirotti, Albert W., Jerzy Bazak, and Witold Korytowski. 2023. "Pro-Tumor Activity of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in Anti-Tumor Photodynamic Therapy: Recently Recognized Bystander Effects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14: 11559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411559