Similar Transcriptomic Responses to Early and Late Drought Stresses Produce Divergent Phenotypes in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phenotypic Analyses
2.1.1. Phenotypic Means and Variance
2.1.2. Trait–Trait Correlations
2.2. Transcriptomic Analyses
2.2.1. Differential Gene Expression
2.2.2. Gene Co-Expression Modules
2.2.3. Overrepresentation Analysis (ORA)
3. Discussion
3.1. Similar Transcriptomic Responses to Early and Late Drought Stress Result in Divergent Phenotypic Outcomes
3.2. Divergent Phenotypic Outcomes
3.2.1. Water Use and Biomass
3.2.2. Leaf Traits
3.2.3. Photosynthesis
3.2.4. Trait–Trait Correlations
3.3. Similar Transcriptomic Responses
3.3.1. Differentially Expressed Genes
3.3.2. Co-Expression Networks
3.4. Compensatory and Overcompensatory Growth
3.5. WUE, EUW, and Drought Stress Response Strategies
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Design
4.1.1. Common Garden
4.1.2. Data Collection
4.2. RNA-Seq Pre-Processing and Transcript Quantification
4.3. Phenotypic Analyses
4.3.1. Phenotypic Means and Variance
4.3.2. Trait–Trait Correlations
4.4. Transcriptomic Analyses
4.4.1. Differential Gene Expression
4.4.2. Gene Co-Expression
4.4.3. Overrepresentation Analysis (ORA)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
C | Control |
DE | Differentially expressed/Differential expression |
DEG | Differentially expressed gene |
E | Early |
EM | Early moderate |
ES | Early severe |
EUW | Effective use of water |
FTSW | Fraction of transpirable soil water |
GAM | General additive model |
GO | Gene ontology |
Maximum stomatal conductance | |
L | Late |
LM | Late moderate |
LS | Late severe |
NES | Normalized enrichment score |
ORA | Overrepresentation analysis |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
T1 | Timepoint 1 |
T2 | Timepoint 2 |
WUE | Water use efficiency |
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Janzen, G.M.; Dittmar, E.L.; Langlade, N.B.; Blanchet, N.; Donovan, L.A.; Temme, A.A.; Burke, J.M. Similar Transcriptomic Responses to Early and Late Drought Stresses Produce Divergent Phenotypes in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119351
Janzen GM, Dittmar EL, Langlade NB, Blanchet N, Donovan LA, Temme AA, Burke JM. Similar Transcriptomic Responses to Early and Late Drought Stresses Produce Divergent Phenotypes in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11):9351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119351
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanzen, Garrett M., Emily L. Dittmar, Nicolas B. Langlade, Nicolas Blanchet, Lisa A. Donovan, Andries A. Temme, and John M. Burke. 2023. "Similar Transcriptomic Responses to Early and Late Drought Stresses Produce Divergent Phenotypes in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11: 9351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119351