Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan Mixtures and Chitosan–Copper Combinations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Structural Characterization of the Chitosan Samples
2.2. Antifungal Activity
2.3. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Oligomers and Polymers
2.4. Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan Mixtures in Combination with Copper(II) Ions
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Chitosan Solutions
4.2. Chitosan Characterization
4.3. Chitosan Fractionation
4.4. Cultivation and Induction of Conidia Production of Fusarium graminearum
4.5. Antifungal Activity
4.6. Test for Synergistic Activity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chitosan | FA | w.a. Mw (kDa) | w.a. DP | Đ |
---|---|---|---|---|
chitosan polymer | 0.2 | 58.7 | 347 | 2.2 |
chitosan hydrolysate a | 0.2 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
polymeric fraction b | 0.2 | 43.3 | 255 | 1.1 |
oligomeric fraction b | 0.2 c | n/a | 2-15 | n/a |
Compound | IC50 (µg mL−1) |
---|---|
chitosan polymer | 26 |
chitosan hydrolysate | 132 |
polymeric fraction | 155 |
oligomeric fraction | 739 |
Combination | Chitosan Hydrolysate µg/mL | Copper(II) Ions µM | Cobs % | Cexp % | Synergy Factor Cobs/Cexp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 1000 | 79.8 | 47.3 | 1.7 |
2 | 60 | 500 | 68.2 | 33.5 | 2.0 |
3 | 80 | 250 | 45.7 | 18.1 | 2.5 |
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Lemke, P.; Jünemann, L.; Moerschbacher, B.M. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan Mixtures and Chitosan–Copper Combinations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063345
Lemke P, Jünemann L, Moerschbacher BM. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan Mixtures and Chitosan–Copper Combinations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(6):3345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063345
Chicago/Turabian StyleLemke, Philipp, Lena Jünemann, and Bruno M. Moerschbacher. 2022. "Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Chitosan Mixtures and Chitosan–Copper Combinations" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6: 3345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063345