Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Dance between Core Clock Genes and Solar Erythema
2.1. The Effect of NB-UVB BB-UVB on the Circadian Rhythm
2.2. Rhythms in Animals and Humans: How Do We Maximize Our Cosmetic Product?
3. The Role of the Circadian Rhythm in Skin Pigmentation
4. Loss of Circadian Rhythm alongside Skin Elasticity and Collagen Degradation
4.1. Rhythmic Expressions of TIMP3 and AQP3
4.2. Role of OPN3 in Collagen Degradation
5. Limitations and Research Gap in the Study of Skin Circadian Rhythm
6. Melatonin and Natural Products as Cosmeceutical Agents
6.1. Melatonin as a Cosmeceutical Product
6.2. Potential Use of Natural Products as a Modulator of the Circadian Rhythm
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of UVR | Dose | Cell Type | Expression of Core Clock Gene and Protein after UVR | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
NB-UVB (311 nm) | 688 J/cm2 | Epidermal/dermal (Primary cell culture obtained from skin biopsies of skin phototypes II and III after irradiation) | ↓ CRY2 mRNA (24 h after exposure) | [25] |
BB-UVB (280–320 nm) | 5 mJ/cm2 | HaCaT (Immortalized normal human keratinocyte cell line) | ↓ BMAL1 mRNA (immediate effect from 0 to 8 h); ↑ BMAL1 mRNA (24 h after exposure); Marginal changes in BMAL1 protein after exposure | [26] |
↓ CLOCK mRNA (immediate effect from 0 to 8 h); CLOCK mRNA return to basal level (24 h after exposure); Marginal changes in CLOCK protein after exposure | ||||
HKC (primary human keratinocyte cells) | ↓ BMAL1 mRNA (immediate effect from 0 to 8 h); ↑ BMAL1 (24 h after exposure) | |||
↓ CLOCK mRNA (immediate effect from 0 to 8 h); ↑ CLOCK mRNA (24 h after exposure); | ||||
10 mJ/cm2 | Normal human keratinocyte(Primary cell culture from neonatal foreskin) | ↓ BMAL1 mRNA (immediate effect from 0 to 20 h) | [27] | |
↓ PER1 mRNA (from 0 to 12 h) | ||||
↓ CLOCK mRNA (from 0 to 24 h) | ||||
12.5 mJ/cm2 | HaCaT | ↓ BMAL1 mRNA and protein (at 24 h) | [28] | |
20 mJ/cm2 | NHEK (Normal neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes) | ↓ CLOCK mRNA and protein (Immediate effect after exposure) | [29] | |
↓ BMAL1 mRNA and protein (Immediate effect after exposure) |
Natural Product | Testing Model | Effect on Opsins or Core Clock Expression | Reported Bioproperties Potentially Beneficial in Cosmeceutical Development | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shikonin (isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Arnebia euchroma) | NIH3T3-derived stable cells transfected with BMAL1 promoter (NIH3T3 cells: immortalized embryonic fibroblast) | Shortens BMAL1 transcriptional oscillation | Anti-cancer, anti-tumour, anti-inflammation, wound healing, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal | [115,116,117,118,119,120,121] |
Nobiletin (polymethoxylated flavone from the skin of citrus fruits) | U2OS cells (bone osteosarcoma) MCF7 cells (breast adenocarcinoma) MDA-MB-231 cells (breast adenocarcinoma) | Subtle circadian alterations in U2OS and MCF7 Enhancement of circadian oscillation in MDA-MB-231 (rescue of rhythmicity) | Anti-inflammation, anti-tumour, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-pigmentation, anti-collagen degradation | [114,122,123,124,125,126,127] |
CLOCKΔ19/+-immortalized mice fibroblast cells Hepa1-6 cells (murine hepatoma) U2OS cells | Enhancement of amplitude and lengthen period of the PER2::LucSV reporter rhythm Modification of the expression of other core clock genes and proteins Direct binding to RORα and γ, inducing BMAL1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter expression | |||
Berberine (Isolated from Coptidis rhizoma) | Bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 mice HEK293 cells | Antagonization of Rev-erbα activity ↓ BMAL1 expression | Anti-inflammation, anti-pigmentation, anti-collagen degradation, anti-microbial, anti-cancer | [128,129,130,131,132,133] |
Puerarin (Isolated from Puerariae radix) | Hepa-1c1c7 cellsHEK293 cells | Antagonization of Rev-erbα activity ↑ BMAL1 expression | Wound healing, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer Promotes melanogenesis * | [134,135,136,137,138] |
JBIR-26 (derived from Streptomyces sp. AK-AH76) | NIH3T3 cells transfected with PER2 promoter | Lengthening of PER2 transcriptional oscillation | Not available | [139] |
Agerarin(Isolated from Ageratum houstonianum) | HaCaT cells | ↑ CLOCK mRNA expression | Increases aquaporin 3 expression (skin moisturizing), anti-pigmentation, increases filaggrin involved in maintaining skin barrier | [140,141,142] |
Lepedeza capitata extract | HaCaT cells | ↑ PER2 activity Lengthening of period of Per2 promoter activity | Wound healing, anti-collagen degradation | [70,143] |
Trichosanthes kirilowii ethanolic extract | HaCaT cells | ↓ miR-142-3p which inhibits BMAL1 expression | Anti-pigmentation, protection against UVB-induced DNA damage, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer | [28,144,145,146] |
Fernblock® (hydrophilic extract from Polypodium leucotomos leaves) | B16-F10 cells (mouse melanocyte) | ↓ OPN3 mRNA expression | Anti-pigmentation, Antioxidant, protection against UVR-induced DNA damage, anti-collagen degradation | [147,148,149] |
Centella asiatica ethanolic extract | ARPE-19 cells (human retinal pigmented epithelium) | ↑ OPN2 protein ↑ Opsin protein | Anti-pigmentation, anti-inflammation, increase skin hydration, anti-collagen degradation, anti-microbial, anti-fungal | [150,151,152,153,154,155] |
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Mahendra, C.K.; Ser, H.-L.; Pusparajah, P.; Htar, T.T.; Chuah, L.-H.; Yap, W.H.; Tang, Y.-Q.; Zengin, G.; Tang, S.Y.; Lee, W.L.; et al. Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884
Mahendra CK, Ser H-L, Pusparajah P, Htar TT, Chuah L-H, Yap WH, Tang Y-Q, Zengin G, Tang SY, Lee WL, et al. Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahendra, Camille Keisha, Hooi-Leng Ser, Priyia Pusparajah, Thet Thet Htar, Lay-Hong Chuah, Wei Hsum Yap, Yin-Quan Tang, Gokhan Zengin, Siah Ying Tang, Wai Leng Lee, and et al. 2022. "Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin’s Circadian Rhythm" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052884