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Review

The Roles of NOD-like Receptors in Innate Immunity in Otitis Media

by
Myung-Won You
1,†,
Dokyoung Kim
2,†,
Eun-Hye Lee
3,
Dong-Choon Park
4,
Jae-Min Lee
5,
Dae-Woong Kang
5,
Sang-Hoon Kim
5 and
Seung-Geun Yeo
5,*
1
Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
2
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
3
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
4
St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea
5
Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 2350; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042350
Submission received: 19 November 2021 / Revised: 8 February 2022 / Accepted: 16 February 2022 / Published: 21 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Medicine Applications in Infectious Diseases: Latest Innovations)
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Abstract

Acute otitis media (AOM) can persist or lead to various complications in individuals in which the innate immune system is impaired. In this context, impaired expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR), an intracellular pathogen-recognition receptor (PRR), is involved in the etiology of OM in humans and animals, affecting its development, severity, chronicity, recurrence, and associated complications. To assess this relationship, we reviewed literature reports relating NLR expression patterns with the pathophysiology and clinical features of OM in the larger context of impaired innate immunity. We summarized the results of published studies on the expression of NLRs in animals and humans in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. NLRs were expressed mainly in association with bacterial infection in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. In addition, expression of NLRs was affected by the presence or absence of bacteria, fluid characteristics, disease recurrence, tissue type, and repeated surgery. Various factors of the innate immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of OM in the middle ear. NLRs are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Impaired NLR expression induced the development, chronicity and recurrence of OM and exacerbated associated complications, indicating that NLRs have important roles in the pathogenesis of OM.
Keywords: otitis media; effusion; granulation tissue; cholesteatoma; NOD-like receptor otitis media; effusion; granulation tissue; cholesteatoma; NOD-like receptor

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MDPI and ACS Style

You, M.-W.; Kim, D.; Lee, E.-H.; Park, D.-C.; Lee, J.-M.; Kang, D.-W.; Kim, S.-H.; Yeo, S.-G. The Roles of NOD-like Receptors in Innate Immunity in Otitis Media. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042350

AMA Style

You M-W, Kim D, Lee E-H, Park D-C, Lee J-M, Kang D-W, Kim S-H, Yeo S-G. The Roles of NOD-like Receptors in Innate Immunity in Otitis Media. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(4):2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042350

Chicago/Turabian Style

You, Myung-Won, Dokyoung Kim, Eun-Hye Lee, Dong-Choon Park, Jae-Min Lee, Dae-Woong Kang, Sang-Hoon Kim, and Seung-Geun Yeo. 2022. "The Roles of NOD-like Receptors in Innate Immunity in Otitis Media" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4: 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042350

APA Style

You, M.-W., Kim, D., Lee, E.-H., Park, D.-C., Lee, J.-M., Kang, D.-W., Kim, S.-H., & Yeo, S.-G. (2022). The Roles of NOD-like Receptors in Innate Immunity in Otitis Media. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(4), 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042350

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