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Article

PD-L1 Expression in Monocytes Correlates with Bacterial Burden and Treatment Outcomes in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis

by
Sheng-Wei Pan
1,2,3,
Chin-Chung Shu
4,5,
Jhong-Ru Huang
1,
Chang-Ching Lee
1,
Yen-Han Tseng
1,2,
Jung-Jyh Hung
2,6,
Po-Kuei Hsu
2,6,
Nien-Jung Chen
7,
Wei-Juin Su
2,8,
Jia-Yih Feng
1,2,9,* and
Yuh-Min Chen
1,2
1
Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
2
School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
3
Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
4
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
5
College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
6
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
7
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
8
Division of Chest Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei 114, Taiwan
9
Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031619
Submission received: 2 January 2022 / Revised: 21 January 2022 / Accepted: 28 January 2022 / Published: 30 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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Abstract

The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is critical in T cell biology; however, the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients is unclear. We prospectively enrolled PTB, latent TB infection (LTBI), and non-TB, non-LTBI subjects. The expression of PD-1/PD-L1 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured and correlated with clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in PTB patients. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to visualize PD-1/PD-L1-expressing cells in lung tissues from PTB patients and from murine with heat-killed MTB (HK-MTB) treatment. A total of 76 PTB, 40 LTBI, and 28 non-TB, non-LTBI subjects were enrolled. The expression of PD-1 on CD4+ T cells and PD-L1 on CD14+ monocytes was significantly higher in PTB cases than non-TB subjects. PTB patients with sputum smear/culture unconversion displayed higher PD-L1 expression on monocytes. PD-L1-expressing macrophages were identified in lung tissue from PTB patients, and co-localized with macrophages in murine lung tissues. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) whole cell lysate/EsxA stimulation of human and mouse macrophages demonstrated increased PD-L1 expression. In conclusion, increased expression of PD-L1 on monocytes in PTB patients correlated with higher bacterial burden and worse treatment outcomes. The findings suggest the involvement of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in MTB-related immune responses.
Keywords: PD-1; PD-L1; pulmonary tuberculosis; macrophages; treatment outcomes PD-1; PD-L1; pulmonary tuberculosis; macrophages; treatment outcomes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pan, S.-W.; Shu, C.-C.; Huang, J.-R.; Lee, C.-C.; Tseng, Y.-H.; Hung, J.-J.; Hsu, P.-K.; Chen, N.-J.; Su, W.-J.; Feng, J.-Y.; et al. PD-L1 Expression in Monocytes Correlates with Bacterial Burden and Treatment Outcomes in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031619

AMA Style

Pan S-W, Shu C-C, Huang J-R, Lee C-C, Tseng Y-H, Hung J-J, Hsu P-K, Chen N-J, Su W-J, Feng J-Y, et al. PD-L1 Expression in Monocytes Correlates with Bacterial Burden and Treatment Outcomes in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031619

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pan, Sheng-Wei, Chin-Chung Shu, Jhong-Ru Huang, Chang-Ching Lee, Yen-Han Tseng, Jung-Jyh Hung, Po-Kuei Hsu, Nien-Jung Chen, Wei-Juin Su, Jia-Yih Feng, and et al. 2022. "PD-L1 Expression in Monocytes Correlates with Bacterial Burden and Treatment Outcomes in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031619

APA Style

Pan, S.-W., Shu, C.-C., Huang, J.-R., Lee, C.-C., Tseng, Y.-H., Hung, J.-J., Hsu, P.-K., Chen, N.-J., Su, W.-J., Feng, J.-Y., & Chen, Y.-M. (2022). PD-L1 Expression in Monocytes Correlates with Bacterial Burden and Treatment Outcomes in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031619

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