SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Tests for Hemagglutination (HA) and for Its Inhibition and Reversal by IVM
2.2. Western Blot and Quantification Analysis
2.3. Molecular Modeling
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Source and Preparation of Red Blood Cells
4.2. Spike Proteins Preparation
4.3. Cells and SARS-CoV-2 Strains Preparation
4.4. Western Blot and Quantification Analysis
4.5. IVM Preparation
4.6. Tests for Hemagglutination (HA) and for Its Inhibition and Reversal by IVM
4.7. Molecular Modeling Simulations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE2 | angiotensin converting enzyme 2 |
CD147 | cluster of differentiation 147 protein, encoded by the BSG gene |
COVID-19 | coronavirus disease 2019 |
GPA | glycophorin A |
NTD | N-terminal domain |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
RBC | red blood cell |
RBD | receptor binding domain |
RCT | randomized clinical trial |
SA | sialic acid |
SARS-CoV-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
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Variant | Minimum Spike Protein Concentration to Induce HA (ng/µL) | Highest Spike Protein Concentration Tested for HA (ng/µL) | Minimum IVM Concentration to Inhibit HA at Highest Spike Concentration (µM) | Minimum IVM Concentration to Release HA at Highest Spike Concentration (µM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wuhan | 1.06 | 2.12 | 1 | 1 |
Alpha | 1.06 | 2.12 | 1 | 1 |
Delta | 1.06 | 2.12 | 1 | 2 |
Omicron | 0.13 | 0.53 | 1 | 2 |
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Boschi, C.; Scheim, D.E.; Bancod, A.; Militello, M.; Bideau, M.L.; Colson, P.; Fantini, J.; Scola, B.L. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415480
Boschi C, Scheim DE, Bancod A, Militello M, Bideau ML, Colson P, Fantini J, Scola BL. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):15480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415480
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoschi, Celine, David E. Scheim, Audrey Bancod, Muriel Militello, Marion Le Bideau, Philippe Colson, Jacques Fantini, and Bernard La Scola. 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 15480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415480
APA StyleBoschi, C., Scheim, D. E., Bancod, A., Militello, M., Bideau, M. L., Colson, P., Fantini, J., & Scola, B. L. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Hemagglutination: Implications for COVID-19 Morbidities and Therapeutics and for Vaccine Adverse Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 15480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415480